翻譯：測試成熟度模型集成（TMMi）（10）

Specific Practices by Goals
通過目標的具體實踐
SG 1 Establish a Test Policy
SG 1 建立測試政策
A test policy, aligned with the business (quality) policy, is established and agreed by the stakeholders.
測試政策，與企業（質量）政策一致，由利益相關者制定並一致同意。
SP 1.1 Define test goals
SP 1.1 定義測試目標
Define and maintain test goals based upon business needs and objectives.
在企業需要和其目標基礎上定義和維護測試目標
Typical work products
典型工作產品
1. Test goals
1. 測試目標
Sub-practices
子實踐
2. Study business needs and objectives
2. 研究企業需要及其目標
Examples of business needs and objectives to be studied include the following:
• Mission statement
• Business and user needs regarding the products
• Business drivers
• Main goals of a quality program
• Business (quality) policy
• Type of business, e.g. risk level of products being developed
研究企業需要及其目標的例子包括如下：
 任務說明
 關於產品的企業和用戶需要
 商業驅動
 質量程序的主目標
 企業（質量）政策
 商業類型，如正在開發的產品的風險級別
3. Provide feedback for clarifying business needs and objectives as necessary
3. 爲企業需要及其目標提供必要的反饋
4. Define test goals traceable to business needs and objectives
4. 爲企業需要及其目標定義測試目標追溯
Examples of test goals include the following:
• Validate products for ‘fit-for-use’
• Prevent defects for occurring in operation
• Verify compliance to external standards
• Provide visibility regarding product quality
• Short test execution lead-time
測試目標的例子包括如下：
 驗證產品是適合使用的
 預防運作中的缺陷發生
 驗證符合外部標準
 提供有關產品質量的能見度
 短期測試執行的準備時間
5. Review the test goals with stakeholders
5. 相關人員評審測試目標
6. Revisit and revise the test goals as appropriate, e.g. on a yearly basis
6. 在適當的時候重訪並修訂測試目標，例如基於年度
SP 1.2 Define the test policy
SP 1.2 定義測試政策
A test policy, aligned with the business (quality) policy, is defined and agreed by the stakeholders.
測試政策，與企業（質量）政策一致，由利益相關者制定並一致同意。
Typical work products
典型工作產品
1. Test policy
1. 測試政策
Sub-practices
子實踐
1. Define the test policy based on the defined test goals
1. 在已定義的測試目標的基礎上定義測試政策
Examples of statements to be part of a test policy typically include the following:
• A definition of testing
• A definition of debugging (fault localization and repair)
• Basic view points regarding testing and the testing profession
• The objectives and added value of testing
• Quality levels to be achieved
• The level of independence of the test organization
• High level test process definition
• The key responsibilities of testing
• The organizational approach to and objectives of test process improvement
部分測試政策的例子典型的包括如下：
 測試的定義
 調試的定義（故障定位和修復）
 有關測試和測試職業的基本觀點
 目標，增加了的測試價值
 要實現的質量級別
 測試機構的獨立程度
 高級水平測試 過程的定義
 測試的主要職責
 組織的方法和測試過程改進目標
2. Clearly separate testing from debugging within the test policy
2. 測試政策清楚的把測試從調試中分開
3. Review the test policy with stakeholders
3. 相關人員評審測試政策
4. Define and establish ownership for test policy
4. 定義和建立測試政策的所有權
5. Revisit and revise the test policy as appropriate, e.g. on a yearly basis
5. 在適當的時候重訪並修訂測試政策，例如基於年度
SP 1.3 Distribute the test policy to stakeholders
SP 1.3 分配測試政策到相關人員
The test policy and test goals are presented and explained to stakeholders inside and outside testing.
測試政策和測試目標被介紹和解釋給測試組內組外的相關人員。
Typical work products
1. Deployment plan
2. Presentation test policy
典型工作產品
1.部署計劃
2.演示測試政策
Examples of distribution mechanisms include the following:
• Documenting it in a handbook (quality system)
• Presentations in project and/or departmental meetings
• Posters on the wall
• Making it part of the departmental introduction program
• Access on a central web portal
分配機制的例子包括如下：
 記錄在手冊裏（質量體系）
 在項目或者部門會議上演示
 貼海報
 成爲部門介紹程序的一部分
 能在網站的顯著位置訪問到
SG 2 Establish a Test Strategy
SG 2 建立測試策略
An organization-wide or program-wide test strategy is established and deployed; identifying and
defining the test levels to be performed.
一個組織範圍或者產品範圍的測試策略被建立和部署；識別和定義測試級別被執行。
SP 2.1 Perform a generic product risk assessment
SP 2.1 執行一個通用的產品風險評估
A generic product risk assessment is performed to identify the typical critical areas for testing.
一個通用的風險評估被執行來識別測試的典型臨界區域。
Typical work products
典型工作產品
1. Generic product risk list, with a category and priority assigned to each risk
1. 通用產品風險清單，每級風險都標有類別和優先級
Sub-practices
1. Identify and select stakeholders that need to contribute to the generic risk assessment
2. Identify generic product risks using input from stakeholders
3. Document the context and potential consequences of the generic product risk
4. Identify the relevant stakeholders associated for each generic product risk
5. Analyze the identified generic products risks using the predefined parameters, e.g. likelihood and
impact
6. Categorize and group generic product risks according to the defined risk categories
7. Prioritize the generic product risks for mitigation
8. Review and obtain agreement with stakeholders on the completeness, category and priority level
of the generic product risks
9. Revise the generic product risks as appropriate
子實踐
1. 識別並選擇那些需要做通用風險評估的人員
2. 使用相關人員的輸入來識別通用產品風險
3. 記錄通用產品風險的背景和潛在的結果
4. 對各級通用產品風險確定與之關聯的相關人員
5. 使用預定義的參數分析已確定的通用產品風險，例如，可能性和影響
6. 通過已定義的風險類別，給通用產品風險分類，分組
7. 區分通用產品風險緩解的優先級8. 評審和取得相關人員在一般產品風險的完整性，類別和優先級一致同意
9. 適當的修訂通用產品的風險
Note that product risk categories and parameters as defined in the “Test Planning” process area (SP
1.1 “Define product risk categories and parameters”) are largely re-used within this specific practice.
Refer to SG 1 “Perform a product risk assessment” from the process area “Test Planning” for more
details on the (sub) practices for performing the generic product risk assessment.
請注意，定義在“測試計劃”過程域（SP1.1 定義產品風險類別和參數）的產品風險類別和參數，在這個特定的實踐裏被最大限度的重用。在（子）實踐中執行通

用產品風險評估的更多信息請參考過程域“測試計劃”中SG1 “執行產品風險評估”
SP 2.2 Define test strategy
SP 2.2 定義測試策略
The test strategy is defined, identifying the test levels and defining for each level amongst others the
objectives, responsibilities, main tasks and entry/exit criteria.
該測試策略的定義，定義每個測試級別並確定各個級別的目標，職責，主要任務和進入/退出標準。
Typical work products
典型工作產品
1. Test strategy
1. 測試策略
Sub-practices
子實踐
1. Study test policy and goals
2. Provide feedback for clarifying test policy and goals as necessary
1. 學習測試政策和目標
2. 必要時提供澄清測試政策和目標的反饋
3. Define the test strategy clearly linked with the defined test policy and goals
3. 定義測試策略並能清晰的鏈接到已定義的政策和目標
Examples of topics to be addressed as part of a test strategy include the following:
• Generics risks of the products being developed
• Overall test model (V-model, incremental lifecycle) as a way to mitigate the risks
• Test levels (e.g. unit, integration, system and acceptance test)
• Objectives, responsibilities and main tasks at each test level, e.g.
• for unit testing:
• verifying that the unit operates as specified in the unit design a certain level of
code coverage is achieved
• for integration testing:
• verifying that the units together operate as specified in the global design
• verifying that the interfaces operate as specified in the interface specification
• for system testing:
• verifying that the system operates as specified in the requirements
specification
• a certain level of system requirements coverage is achieved
• for acceptance testing:
• verifying that the system satisfies acceptance criteria
• validating whether the system is ‘fit for use’
• a certain level of user requirements coverage is achieved
• Test case design techniques to be used at each test level
• Test types to be carried out at each test level
• Entry and exit criteria for each test level
• Standards that must be complied with
• Level of independence
• Environment in which the tests will be executed
• Approach to automation at each test level
• Approach to regression testing
部分測試策略的實例如下：
 正在開發產品的一般風險
 總的測試模型（V模型，增加的生命週期）作爲減少風險的一個途徑
 測試類別（如，單元測試，集成測試，系統測試和驗收測試）
 各個測試類別的目標，職責和只要任務，例如
    單元測試：
      驗證單元設計中制定的當前類別代碼覆蓋率是否被實現
    集成測試
      驗證全局設計中指定的一起單元操作
      驗證接口說明書中指定的接口操作
    系統測試
      驗證需求說明書中指定的系統操作
      要達到當前類別的系統需求覆蓋率
    驗收測試
      驗證該系統滿足驗收標準
      驗證系統是否是'適合使用'
      當前類別的用戶需求覆蓋率是否被實現
 被用在每個測試級別的測試用例設計技術
 在每個測試級別實現的測試種類
 每個測試類別的進入/退出標準
 必須遵守的標準
 級別獨立性
 執行測試的環境
 每個測試級別的自動化方法
 迴歸測試方法         
4. Review the test strategy with stakeholders
5. Define and establish ownership for test strategy
6. Revisit and revise the test strategy as appropriate, e.g. on a yearly basis
4. 評審測試策略
5. 定義和建立測試策略的所有權
6. 在適當的時候重訪並修訂測試策略，例如基於年度。
Note that the test strategy will serve as a starting point for testing to be performed in a project.
However, each project can tailor the overall strategy to its needs. Non-compliances shall be clearly
documented in the test plan.
請注意，測試策略將作爲項目中測試執行的起點。而且，每個項目可以調整其整體戰略以滿足它的需要。不需要遵守的應當明確記錄在測試計劃。
SP 2.3 Distribute the test strategy to the stakeholders
SP 2.3 分發測試策略到相關人員
The test strategy is presented to and discussed with stakeholders inside and outside testing.
測試策略被介紹到測試內外的相關人員，並與之討論。
Typical work products
典型工作產品
1. Deployment plan
2. Presentation test strategy
1. 部署計劃
2. 演示測試策略
Examples of distribution mechanisms include the following:
• Documenting it in a handbook and/or quality system
• Presentations in project and/or departmental meetings
• Posters on the wall
• Making it part of the departmental introduction program
• Access on a central web portal
分配機制的例子包括如下：
 記錄在手冊裏或者質量體系中
 在項目或者部門會議上演示
 張貼海報
 成爲部門介紹程序的一部分
 能在網站的顯著位置訪問到
SG 3 Establish Test Performance Indicators
SG 3 建立測試性能指標
A set of goal oriented test process performance indicators is established and deployed
建立和部署面向目標的測試過程性能指標
SP 3.1 Define test performance indicators
SP 3.1 定義測試性能指標
The test performance indicators are defined based upon the test policy and goals, including the
procedure for data collection, storage and analysis.
測試性能指標定義在測試政策和目標基礎上，包括數據收集，存儲和分析的過程。
Typical work products
典型工作產品
1. Test performance indicators
2. Data collection, storage, analysis and reporting procedure
1. 測試性能指標
2. 數據收集，存儲，分析和報告程序
Sub-practices
子實踐
1. Study test policy and goals, e.g. the objectives for test process improvement
2. Provide feedback for clarifying test policy and goals as necessary
3. Define the test performance indicators traceable to the test policy and goals
1. 學習測試政策和目標,如測試過程改進的目標
2. 必要時提供澄清測試政策和目標的反饋
3. 定義測試性能指標並能鏈接到已定義的政策和目標
Examples of test performance indicators include the following:
• Test effort and cost
• Test lead time
• Number of defects found
• Defect detection percentage
• Test maturity level
測試性能指標的例子如下：
 測試成本 測試所需的時間 缺陷的數量 缺陷檢測率 測試成熟度
4. Review the performance indicators with stakeholders
5. Define and establish ownership for test performance indicators
6. Specify how performance indicators will be obtained and stored
7. Specify how performance indicators will be analyzed and reported
4. 評審性能指標
5. 定義和建立測試性能指標的所有權
6。指定如何獲得和儲存性能指標7。指定如何分析和報告性能指標
SP 3.2 Deploy test performance indicators
SP 3.2 部署測試性能指標
Deploy the test performance indicators and provide measurement results, which address the identified
test performance indicators, to stakeholders.
部署測試性能指標，提供測量結果，這些結果都可對應到已確定的測試性能指標
Typical work products
典型工作產品
1. Test performance indicators data
2. Reports on test performance indicators
1. 測試性能指標數據
2. 測試性能指標的報告
Sub-practices
子實踐
1. Obtain specified performance indicators data
2. Analyze and interpret performance indictors
3. Manage and store performance indicators data and analysis results
4. Report the performance indicators to stakeholders on a periodic basis
5. Assist stakeholders in understanding the results
1。獲取指定的性能指標數據2。分析和解釋性能指標3。管理和存儲性能指標數據和分析結果4。定期報告性能指標給相關人員5。輔助相關人員理解結果
Examples of actions to assist in understanding of results include the following:
• Discussing the results with relevant stakeholders
• Provide contextual information that provides background and explanation
協助理解結果的實例包括如下：
 與相關人員討論結果
 提供相關的信息，背景和解釋等