如何在Ubuntu上安裝軟件的方法和技巧

1.查詢版本

1)aptitude show 軟件名

例如：aptitude show kde-runtime 

顯示如下：

****@ubuntu:~$ aptitude show kde-runtime
軟件包： kde-runtime
狀態: 未安裝
版本號： 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu1
優先級： 可選
部分： kde
維護者： Kubuntu Developers <[e-mail]>
未壓縮尺寸： 9,607 k
依賴於: libasound2 (>= 1.0.23), libattica0.3 (>= 0.3.0), libc6 (>= 2.15),
           libcanberra0 (>= 0.2), libexiv2-11, libgcc1 (>= 1:4.1.1), libjpeg8
           (>= 8c), libkcmutils4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkdeclarative5 (>= 4:4.7.0),
           libkdecore5 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkdesu5 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkdeui5 (>=
           4:4.8.1), libkdewebkit5 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkdnssd4 (>= 4:4.8.1),
           libkemoticons4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkfile4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkhtml5 (>=
           4:4.8.1), libkidletime4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkio5 (>= 4:4.8.1),
           libkmediaplayer4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libknewstuff3-4 (>= 4:4.8.1),
           libknotifyconfig4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkparts4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libkpty4 (>=
           4:4.8.1), libnepomuk4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libnepomukdatamanagement4 (>=
           4:4.8.1), libnepomukquery4a (>= 4:4.8.1), libnepomuksync4 (>=
           4:4.8.1), libntrack-qt4-1 (>= 005), libopenexr6 (>= 1.6.1),
           libphonon4 (>= 4:4.7.0really4.5.0), libplasma3 (>= 4:4.8.1),
           libpulse-mainloop-glib0 (>= 1:0.99.1), libpulse0 (>= 1:0.99.1),
           libqt4-dbus (>= 4:4.6.1), libqt4-declarative (>= 4:4.7.0~rc1),
           libqt4-network (>= 4:4.5.3), libqt4-script (>= 4:4.6.1), libqt4-svg
           (>= 4:4.5.3), libqt4-xml (>= 4:4.5.3), libqtcore4 (>= 4:4.8.0),
           libqtgui4 (>= 4:4.8.0), libqtwebkit4 (>= 2.2~2011week36),
           libsmbclient (>= 2:3.2.0), libsolid4 (>= 4:4.8.1), libsoprano4 (>=
           2.6.51), libssh-4 (>= 0.3.91), libstdc++6 (>= 4.6),
           libstreamanalyzer0 (>= 0.7.7), libstreams0 (>= 0.7.7), libx11-6,
           libxcursor1 (> 1.1.2), phonon, perl, kde-runtime-data (>=
           4:4.8.1-0ubuntu1), kdelibs5-plugins (>= 4:4.8.1), oxygen-icon-theme
           (>= 4:4.6), shared-desktop-ontologies, plasma-scriptengine-javascript
           (= 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu1)
推薦: udisks, upower, virtuoso-minimal, kubuntu-debug-installer, icoutils,
        libcanberra-pulse | libcanberra-gstreamer
建議: djvulibre-bin, finger
衝突: kdelibs4-dev
破壞: kdebase-runtime (< 4:4.6.80), kdebase-runtime-bin-kde4,
        kdebase-runtime-data (< 4:4.4.80), kdebase-workspace-bin (< 4:4.6),
        kdebluetooth (< 1.0~beta7-1), kdelibs5 (< 4:4.4.80), kdelibs5-plugins (<
        4:4.5), nepomukcontroller, plasma-netbook (< 4:4.5.95),
        plasma-scriptengine-declarative, plasma-scriptengine-javascript (<
        4:4.6.80)
代替: kdebase-runtime (< 4:4.6.80), kdebase-runtime-bin-kde4,
        kdebase-runtime-data (< 4:4.4.80), kdebase-workspace-bin (< 4:4.6),
        kdebluetooth (< 1.0~beta7-1), kdelibs5 (< 4:4.4.80), kdelibs5-plugins (<
        4:4.5), nepomukcontroller, plasma-netbook (< 4:4.5.95),
        plasma-scriptengine-declarative, plasma-scriptengine-javascript (<
        4:4.6.80)
描述： runtime components from the official KDE release
 KDE is produced by an international technology team that creates free and open
 source software for desktop and portable computing. Among KDE's products are a
 modern desktop system for Linux and UNIX platforms, comprehensive office
 productivity and groupware suites and hundreds of software titles in many
 categories including Internet and web applications, multimedia, entertainment,
 educational, graphics and software development.

 This package contains programs and data needed at runtime by KDE applications.
主頁： http://www.kde.org/

2)dpkg -l軟件名

 例如：dpkg -l gedit 

*****@ubuntu:~$ dpkg -l gedit
期望狀態=未知(u)/安裝(i)/刪除(r)/清除(p)/保持(h)
| 狀態=未安裝(n)/已安裝(i)/僅存配置(c)/僅解壓縮(U)/配置失敗(F)/不完全安裝(H)/觸發器等待(W)/觸發器未決(T)
|/ 錯誤?=(無)/須重裝(R) (狀態，錯誤：大寫=故障)
||/ 名稱         版本         描述
+++-==============-==============-============================================
ii  gedit          3.3.8-0ubuntu1 official text editor of the GNOME desktop en

2.查詢安裝路徑

1)dpkg -L 軟件名

例如：dpkg -L gedit  

*****@ubuntu:~$ dpkg -L gedit
/.
/usr
/usr/bin
/usr/bin/gedit
/usr/share
/usr/share/applications
/usr/share/applications/gedit.desktop
/usr/share/dbus-1
/usr/share/dbus-1/services
/usr/share/dbus-1/services/org.gnome.gedit.service
/usr/share/bug
/usr/share/bug/gedit
/usr/share/bug/gedit/script
/usr/share/pyshared
/usr/share/pyshared/gi
/usr/share/pyshared/gi/overrides
/usr/share/pyshared/gi/overrides/Gedit.py
/usr/share/gedit
/usr/share/gedit/gedit-bugreport
/usr/share/lintian
/usr/share/lintian/overrides
/usr/share/lintian/overrides/gedit
/usr/share/menu
/usr/share/menu/gedit
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/gedit
/usr/share/doc/gedit/README
/usr/share/doc/gedit/BUGS
/usr/share/doc/gedit/copyright
/usr/share/doc/gedit/NEWS.gz
/usr/share/doc/gedit/AUTHORS
/usr/share/doc/gedit/changelog.Debian.gz
/usr/share/python
/usr/share/python/runtime.d
/usr/share/python/runtime.d/gedit.rtupdate
/usr/lib
/usr/lib/gedit
/usr/lib/gedit/girepository-1.0
/usr/lib/gedit/girepository-1.0/Gedit-3.0.typelib
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libmodelines.so
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/zeitgeist.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/time.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libspell.so
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libtime.so
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/quickopen.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libsort.so
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/outputpanel.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/windowactivatable.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/manager.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/capture.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/library.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/filelookup.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/__init__.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/functions.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools/linkparsing.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/pythonconsole.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/docinfo.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/changecase.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/modelines.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/placeholder.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/shareddata.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/substitutionparser.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/snippet.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/completion.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/exporter.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/singleton.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/windowactivatable.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/document.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/appactivatable.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/languagemanager.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/importer.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/manager.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/library.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/signals.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/__init__.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/helper.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets/parser.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/sort.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/externaltools.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/spell.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/quickopen
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/quickopen/popup.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/quickopen/__init__.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/quickopen/virtualdirs.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libchangecase.so
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/filebrowser.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/pythonconsole
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/pythonconsole/__init__.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/pythonconsole/console.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/pythonconsole/config.py
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/snippets.plugin
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libdocinfo.so
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libzeitgeistplugin.so
/usr/lib/gedit/plugins/libfilebrowser.so
/usr/lib/python2.7
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gi
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gi/overrides
/usr/lib/libgedit-private.so.0.0.0
/usr/lib/libgedit-private.so.0
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gi/overrides/Gedit.py

或者

2)whereis 軟件名

例如：whereis gedit

From: http://blog.csdn.net/penglijiang/article/details/7529144