proc - process information pseudo-filesystem
DESCRIPTION
The proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem which is used as an inter-
face to kernel data structures. It is commonly mounted at /proc. Most
of it is read-only, but some files allow kernel variables to be
changed.
proc文件系統是一個pseudo-filesystem，主要是提供一個察看內核數據結構的接口。
通常這些數據都會掛在到/proc下，大多數是隻讀文件，有小部分的內核變量可以改變。
The following outline gives a quick tour through the /proc hierarchy.
/proc/[number]
There is a numerical subdirectory for each running process; the
subdirectory is named by the process ID. Each such subdirectory
contains the following pseudo-files and directories.
這裏有很多一數字命名的子文件夾，跟正在運行的進程是一一對應的。每個
子文件夾包含了下列pseudo-file和文件。
/proc/[number]/cmdline
This holds the complete command line for the process, unless the
whole process has been swapped out or the process is a zombie.
In either of these latter cases, there is nothing in this file:
i.e. a read on this file will return 0 characters. The command
line arguments appear in this file as a set of null-separated
strings, with a further null byte after the last string.
這個文件包含了當前進程啓動的完整的命令，除了整個進程被swap或者當前進程
已經處於zombie狀態的情況。如果進程被swap到disk或者處於zombie狀態，那麼
cmdline將會是一個空的文件。命令行中的各個參數將會是一組字符串（不是由null來
分割的），在整個cmdling之後用一個null來標識整個字符串組的結束。
/proc/[number]/cwd
This is a symbolic link to the current working directory of the
process. To find out the cwd of process 20, for instance, you
can do this:
這個是一個符號鏈接鏈接到當前進程的工作目錄。
cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd
Note that the pwd command is often a shell builtin, and might
not work properly. In bash, you may use pwd -P.
注意 pwd 命令通常是一個shell的builtin，並且可能會有錯誤。在bash中
可能需要使用 pwd -P
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link
are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling pthread_exit(3).
在一個多線程的進程中，如果主線程已經結束，那麼這個符號鏈接的內容
通常不可用。
/proc/[number]/environ
This file contains the environment for the process. The entries
are separated by null bytes (’/0’), and there may be a null
bytes at the end. Thus, to print out the environment of process
1, you would do:
這個文件包含了當前進程的environment信息。各個項目之間採用null來
分割，在文件有可能是一個null（'/0'）。因此，如果需要將environment打印
出來，你必須：
(cat /proc/1/environ; echo) | tr "/000" "/n"
(For a reason why one should want to do this, see lilo(8).)
/proc/[number]/exe
Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link contain-
ing the actual pathname of the executed command. This symbolic
link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to open it will
open the executable. You can even type /proc/[number]/exe to
run another copy of the same executable as is being run by pro-
cess [number]. In a multithreaded process, the contents of this
symbolic link are not available if the main thread has already
terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
在Linux內核2.2之後（包含2.2），這個文件是一個包含了實際路徑至可執行
的程序。這個符號鏈接可以被正常的引用；打開這個符號鏈接實際上就是打開
這個可執行程序。甚至可以使用 /proc/[number]/exe 去運行當前這個程序的
一個副本。在多線程的進程中，如果主線程已死，那麼這個文件將不可用。
Under Linux 2.0 and earlier /proc/[number]/exe is a pointer to
the binary which was executed, and appears as a symbolic link. A
readlink(2) call on this file under Linux 2.0 returns a string
in the format:
[device]:inode
For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device major 03
(IDE, MFM, etc. drives) minor 01 (first partition on the first
drive).
find(1) with the -inum option can be used to locate the file.
/proc/[number]/fd
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which
the process has open, named by its file descriptor, and which is
a symbolic link to the actual file. Thus, 0 is standard input,
1 standard output, 2 standard error, etc.
子文件夾包含了當前進程大開的對應文件的實體，用文件描述符命名，
文件夾內包含了符號鏈接鏈接到文件。0 --stdin 1--stdout 2--stderr
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this directory are
not available if the main thread has already terminated (typi-
cally by calling pthread_exit(3)).
多線程條件下，這個文件夾的內容在主線程中止後不可見。
Programs that will take a filename, but will not take the stan-
dard input, and which write to a file, but will not send their
output to standard output, can be effectively foiled this way,
assuming that -i is the flag designating an input file and -o is
the flag designating an output file:
foobar -i /proc/self/fd/0 -o /proc/self/fd/1 ...
and you have a working filter.
/proc/self/fd/N is approximately the same as /dev/fd/N in some
UNIX and UNIX-like systems. Most Linux MAKEDEV scripts symboli-
cally link /dev/fd to /proc/self/fd, in fact.
/proc/[number]/maps
A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their
access permissions.
本文件包含了當前進程的內存映像的區域和他們的訪問權限
The format is:
address perms offset dev inode pathname
08048000-08056000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 64593 /usr/sbin/gpm
08056000-08058000 rw-p 0000d000 03:0c 64593 /usr/sbin/gpm
08058000-0805b000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
40000000-40013000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 4165 /lib/ld-2.2.4.so
40013000-40015000 rw-p 00012000 03:0c 4165 /lib/ld-2.2.4.so
4001f000-40135000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 45494 /lib/libc-2.2.4.so
40135000-4013e000 rw-p 00115000 03:0c 45494 /lib/libc-2.2.4.so
4013e000-40142000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
bffff000-c0000000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
where address is the address space in the process that it occu-
pies, perms is a set of permissions:
r = read
w = write
x = execute
s = shared
p = private (copy on write)
offset is the offset into the file/whatever, dev is the device
(major:minor), and inode is the inode on that device. 0 indi-
cates that no inode is associated with the memory region, as the
case would be with bss.
Under Linux 2.0 there is no field giving pathname.
/proc/[number]/mem
This file can be used to access the pages of a process’s memory
through open(2), read(2), and fseek(3).
/proc/[number]/root
Unix and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of the
filesystem, set by the chroot(2) system call. This file is a
symbolic link that points to the process’s root directory, and
behaves as exe, fd/*, etc. do.
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link
are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
/proc/[number]/smaps (since Linux 2.6.14)
This file shows memory consumption for each of the process’s
mappings. For each of mappings there is a series of lines as
follows:
這個文件顯示每個進程的內存消耗。
08048000-080bc000 r-xp 00000000 03:02 13130 /bin/bash
Size: 464 kB
Rss: 424 kB
Shared_Clean: 424 kB
Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
Private_Clean: 0 kB
Private_Dirty: 0 kB
The first of these lines shows the same information as is dis-
played for the mapping in /proc/[number]/maps. The remaining
lines show the size of the mapping, the amount of the mapping
that is currently resident in RAM, the number clean and dirty
shared pages in the mapping, and the number clean and dirty pri-
vate pages in the mapping.
第一行同map文件中現實的一致。其他行顯示了駐留的內存，clean 的dirty頁
在映射中的多少，已經clean和drity也在映射中。
This file is only present if the CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration
option is enabled.
/proc/[number]/stat
Status information about the process. This is used by ps(1).
It is defined in /usr/src/linux/fs/proc/array.c.
這個文件包含了進程的狀態信息，在ps命令中使用，在/usr/src/fs/proc/array.c
中定義
The fields, in order, with their proper scanf(3) format speci-
fiers, are:
pid %d The process ID.
comm %s
The filename of the executable, in parentheses. This is
visible whether or not the executable is swapped out.
可執行文件的名字
state %c
One character from the string "RSDZTW" where R is run-
ning, S is sleeping in an interruptible wait, D is wait-
ing in uninterruptible disk sleep, Z is zombie, T is
traced or stopped (on a signal), and W is paging.
這個現實當前進程的運行狀態
ppid %d
The PID of the parent.
pgrp %d
The process group ID of the process.
session %d
The session ID of the process.
tty_nr %d
The tty the process uses.
tpgid %d
The process group ID of the process which currently owns
the tty that the process is connected to.
flags %lu
The kernel flags word of the process. For bit meanings,
see the PF_* defines in <linux/sched.h>. Details depend
on the kernel version.
minflt %lu
The number of minor faults the process has made which
have not required loading a memory page from disk.
cminflt %lu
The number of minor faults that the process’s waited-for
children have made.
majflt %lu
The number of major faults the process has made which
have required loading a memory page from disk.
cmajflt %lu
The number of major faults that the process’s waited-for
children have made.
utime %lu
The number of jiffies that this process has been sched-
uled in user mode.
stime %lu
The number of jiffies that this process has been sched-
uled in kernel mode.
cutime %ld
The number of jiffies that this process’s waited-for
children have been scheduled in user mode. (See also
times(2).)
cstime %ld
The number of jiffies that this process’s waited-for
children have been scheduled in kernel mode.
priority %ld
The standard nice value, plus fifteen. The value is
never negative in the kernel.
nice %ld
The nice value ranges from 19 (nicest) to -19 (not nice
to others).
0 %ld This value is hard coded to 0 as a placeholder for a
removed field.
itrealvalue %ld
The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent to
the process due to an interval timer.
starttime %lu
The time in jiffies the process started after system
boot.
vsize %lu
Virtual memory size in bytes.
rss %ld
Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in
real memory, minus 3 for administrative purposes. This is
just the pages which count towards text, data, or stack
space. This does not include pages which have not been
demand-loaded in, or which are swapped out.
rlim %lu
Current limit in bytes on the rss of the process (usually
4294967295 on i386).
startcode %lu
The address above which program text can run.
endcode %lu
The address below which program text can run.
startstack %lu
The address of the start of the stack.
kstkesp %lu
The current value of esp (stack pointer), as found in the
kernel stack page for the process.
kstkeip %lu
The current EIP (instruction pointer).
signal %lu
The bitmap of pending signals.
blocked %lu
The bitmap of blocked signals.
sigignore %lu
The bitmap of ignored signals.
sigcatch %lu
The bitmap of caught signals.
wchan %lu
This is the "channel" in which the process is waiting.
It is the address of a system call, and can be looked up
in a namelist if you need a textual name. (If you have
an up-to-date /etc/psdatabase, then try ps -l to see the
WCHAN field in action.)
nswap %lu
Number of pages swapped (not maintained).
cnswap %lu
Cumulative nswap for child processes (not maintained).
exit_signal %d
Signal to be sent to parent when we die.
processor %d
CPU number last executed on.
rt_priority %lu (since kernel 2.5.19)
Real-time scheduling priority (see sched_setsched-
uler(2)).
policy %lu (since kernel 2.5.19)
Scheduling policy (see sched_setscheduler(2)).
/proc/[number]/statm
Provides information about memory status in pages. The columns
提供當前進程的頁的內存狀態
are:
size total program size
resident resident set size
share shared pages
text text (code)
lib library
data data/stack
dt dirty pages (unused in Linux 2.6)
/proc/[number]/status
Provides much of the information in /proc/[number]/stat and
/proc/[number]/statm in a format that’s easier for humans to
parse.
/proc/[number]/task (since kernel 2.6.0-test6)
This is a directory that contains one subdirectory for each
thread in the process. The name of each subdirectory is the
numerical thread ID of the thread (see gettid(2)). Within each
of these subdirectories, there is a set of files with the same
names and contents as under the /proc/[number] directories. For
attributes that are shared by all threads, the contents for each
of the files under the task/[thread-ID] subdirectories will be
the same as in the corresponding file in the parent /proc/[num-
ber] directory (e.g., in a multithreaded process, all of the
task/[thread-ID]/cwd files will have the same value as the
/proc/[number]/cwd file in the parent directory, since all of
the threads in a process share a working directory). For
attributes that are distinct for each thread, the corresponding
files under task/[thread-ID] may have different values (e.g.,
various fields in each of the task/[thread-ID]/status files may
be different for each thread).
In a multithreaded process, the contents of the /proc/[num-
ber]/task directory are not available if the main thread has
already terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
/proc/apm
Advanced power management version and battery information when
CONFIG_APM is defined at kernel compilation time.
/proc/bus
Contains subdirectories for installed busses.
/proc/bus/pccard
Subdirectory for pcmcia devices when CONFIG_PCMCIA is set at
kernel compilation time.
/proc/bus/pccard/drivers
/proc/bus/pci
Contains various bus subdirectories and pseudo-files containing
information about pci busses, installed devices, and device
drivers. Some of these files are not ASCII.
/proc/bus/pci/devices
Information about pci devices. They may be accessed through
lspci(8) and setpci(8).
/proc/cmdline
Arguments passed to the Linux kernel at boot time. Often done
via a boot manager such as lilo(1).
/proc/cpuinfo
This is a collection of CPU and system architecture dependent
items, for each supported architecture a different list. Two
common entries are processor which gives CPU number and
bogomips; a system constant that is calculated during kernel
initialization. SMP machines have information for each CPU.
/proc/devices
Text listing of major numbers and device groups. This can be
used by MAKEDEV scripts for consistency with the kernel.
/proc/diskstats (since Linux 2.5.69)
This file contains disk I/O statistics for each disk device.
See the kernel source file Documentation/iostats.txt for further
information.
/proc/dma
This is a list of the registered ISA DMA (direct memory access)
channels in use.
/proc/driver
Empty subdirectory.
/proc/execdomains
List of the execution domains (ABI personalities).
/proc/fb
Frame buffer information when CONFIG_FB is defined during kernel
compilation.
/proc/filesystems
A text listing of the filesystems which were compiled into the
kernel. Incidentally, this is used by mount(1) to cycle through
different filesystems when none is specified.
/proc/fs
Empty subdirectory.
/proc/ide
This directory exists on systems with the ide bus. There are
directories for each ide channel and attached device. Files
include:
cache buffer size in KB
capacity number of sectors
driver driver version
geometry physical and logical geometry
identify in hexadecimal
media media type
model manufacturer’s model number
settings drive settings
smart_thresholds in hexadecimal
smart_values in hexadecimal
The hdparm(8) utility provides access to this information in a
friendly format.
/proc/interrupts
This is used to record the number of interrupts per each IRQ on
(at least) the i386 architecture. Very easy to read formatting,
done in ASCII.
/proc/iomem
I/O memory map in Linux 2.4.
/proc/ioports
This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port regions
that are in use.
/proc/kallsyms (since Linux 2.5.71)
This holds the kernel exported symbol definitions used by the
modules(X) tools to dynamically link and bind loadable modules.
In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar file with slightly dif-
ferent syntax was named ksyms.
/proc/kcore
This file represents the physical memory of the system and is
stored in the ELF core file format. With this pseudo-file, and
an unstripped kernel (/usr/src/linux/vmlinux) binary, GDB can be
used to examine the current state of any kernel data structures.
The total length of the file is the size of physical memory
(RAM) plus 4KB.
/proc/kmsg
This file can be used instead of the syslog(2) system call to
read kernel messages. A process must have superuser privileges
to read this file, and only one process should read this file.
This file should not be read if a syslog process is running
which uses the syslog(2) system call facility to log kernel mes-
sages.
Information in this file is retrieved with the dmesg(8) program.
/proc/ksyms (Linux 1.1.23-2.5.47)
See /proc/kallsyms.
/proc/loadavg
The first three fields in this file are load average figures
giving the number of jobs in the run queue (state R) or waiting
for disk I/O (state D) averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes. They
are the same as the load average numbers given by uptime(1) and
other programs. The fourth field consists of two numbers sepa-
rated by a slash (/). The first of these is the number of cur-
rently executing kernel scheduling entities (processes,
threads); this will be less than or equal to the number of CPUs.
The value after the slash is the number of kernel scheduling
entities that currently exist on the system. The fifth field is
the PID of the process that was most recently created on the
system.
/proc/locks
This file shows current file locks (flock(2) and fcntl(2)) and
leases (fcntl(2)).
/proc/malloc
This file is only present if CONFIGDEBUGMALLOC was defined dur-
ing compilation.
/proc/meminfo
This is used by free(1) to report the amount of free and used
memory (both physical and swap) on the system as well as the
shared memory and buffers used by the kernel.
It is in the same format as free(1), except in bytes rather than
KB.
/proc/mounts
This is a list of all the file systems currently mounted on the
system. The format of this file is documented in fstab(5).
Since kernel version 2.6.15, this file is pollable: after open-
ing the file for reading, a change in this file (i.e., a file
system mount or unmount) causes select(2) to mark the file
descriptor as readable, and poll(2) and epoll_wait(2) mark the
file as having an error condition.
/proc/modules
A text list of the modules that have been loaded by the system.
See also lsmod(8).
/proc/mtrr
Memory Type Range Registers. See /usr/src/linux/Documenta-
tion/mtrr.txt for details.
/proc/net
various net pseudo-files, all of which give the status of some
part of the networking layer. These files contain ASCII struc-
tures and are, therefore, readable with cat. However, the stan-
dard netstat(8) suite provides much cleaner access to these
files.
/proc/net/arp
This holds an ASCII readable dump of the kernel ARP table used
for address resolutions. It will show both dynamically learned
and pre-programmed ARP entries. The format is:
IP address HW type Flags HW address Mask Device
192.168.0.50 0x1 0x2 00:50:BF:25:68:F3 * eth0
192.168.0.250 0x1 0xc 00:00:00:00:00:00 * eth0
Here ’IP address’ is the IPv4 address of the machine and the ’HW
type’ is the hardware type of the address from RFC 826. The
flags are the internal flags of the ARP structure (as defined in
/usr/include/linux/if_arp.h) and the ’HW address’ is the data
link layer mapping for that IP address if it is known.
/proc/net/dev
The dev pseudo-file contains network device status information.
This gives the number of received and sent packets, the number
of errors and collisions and other basic statistics. These are
used by the ifconfig(8) program to report device status. The
format is:
Inter-| Receive | Transmit
face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
lo: 2776770 11307 0 0 0 0 0 0 2776770 11307 0 0 0 0 0 0
eth0: 1215645 2751 0 0 0 0 0 0 1782404 4324 0 0 0 427 0 0
ppp0: 1622270 5552 1 0 0 0 0 0 354130 5669 0 0 0 0 0 0
tap0: 7714 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 7714 81 0 0 0 0 0 0
/proc/net/dev_mcast
Defined in /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c:
indx interface_name dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address
2 eth0 1 0 01005e000001
3 eth1 1 0 01005e000001
4 eth2 1 0 01005e000001
/proc/net/igmp
Internet Group Management Protocol. Defined in
/usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c.
/proc/net/rarp
This file uses the same format as the arp file and contains the
current reverse mapping database used to provide rarp(8) reverse
address lookup services. If RARP is not configured into the ker-
nel, this file will not be present.
/proc/net/raw
Holds a dump of the RAW socket table. Much of the information is
not of use apart from debugging. The ’sl’ value is the kernel
hash slot for the socket, the ’local address’ is the local
address and protocol number pair."St" is the internal status of
the socket. The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and
incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage. The "tr",
"tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by RAW. The "uid"
field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket.
/proc/net/snmp
This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and
UDP management information bases for an snmp agent.
/proc/net/tcp
Holds a dump of the TCP socket table. Much of the information is
not of use apart from debugging. The "sl" value is the kernel
hash slot for the socket, the "local address" is the local
address and port number pair. The "remote address" is the
remote address and port number pair (if connected). ’St’ is the
internal status of the socket. The ’tx_queue’ and ’rx_queue’
are the outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel mem-
ory usage. The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields hold
internal information of the kernel socket state and are only
useful for debugging. The "uid" field holds the effective UID
of the creator of the socket.
/proc/net/udp
Holds a dump of the UDP socket table. Much of the information is
not of use apart from debugging. The "sl" value is the kernel
hash slot for the socket, the "local address" is the local
address and port number pair. The "remote address" is the
remote address and port number pair (if connected). "St" is the
internal status of the socket. The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue"
are the outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel mem-
ory usage. The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not
used by UDP. The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the
creator of the socket. The format is:
sl local_address rem_address st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits tm->when uid
1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0
1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0
1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0
/proc/net/unix
Lists the UNIX domain sockets present within the system and
their status. The format is:
Num RefCount Protocol Flags Type St Path
0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03
1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01 /dev/printer
Here ’Num’ is the kernel table slot number, ’RefCount’ is the
number of users of the socket, ’Protocol’ is currently always 0,
’Flags’ represent the internal kernel flags holding the status
of the socket. Currently, type is always ’1’ (Unix domain data-
gram sockets are not yet supported in the kernel). ’St’ is the
internal state of the socket and Path is the bound path (if any)
of the socket.
/proc/partitions
Contains major and minor numbers of each partition as well as
number of blocks and partition name.
/proc/pci
This is a listing of all PCI devices found during kernel ini-
tialization and their configuration.
/proc/scsi
A directory with the scsi mid-level pseudo-file and various SCSI
lowlevel driver directories, which contain a file for each SCSI
host in this system, all of which give the status of some part
of the SCSI IO subsystem. These files contain ASCII structures
and are, therefore, readable with cat.
You can also write to some of the files to reconfigure the sub-
system or switch certain features on or off.
/proc/scsi/scsi
This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel. The
listing is similar to the one seen during bootup. scsi cur-
rently supports only the add-single-device command which allows
root to add a hotplugged device to the list of known devices.
An echo ’scsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0’ > /proc/scsi/scsi will
cause host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a device on ID 5
LUN 0. If there is already a device known on this address or the
address is invalid, an error will be returned.
/proc/scsi/[drivername]
[drivername] can currently be NCR53c7xx, aha152x, aha1542,
aha1740, aic7xxx, buslogic, eata_dma, eata_pio, fdomain, in2000,
pas16, qlogic, scsi_debug, seagate, t128, u15-24f, ultrastore,
or wd7000. These directories show up for all drivers that reg-
istered at least one SCSI HBA. Every directory contains one file
per registered host. Every host-file is named after the number
the host was assigned during initialization.
Reading these files will usually show driver and host configura-
tion, statistics etc.
Writing to these files allows different things on different
hosts. For example, with the latency and nolatency commands,
root can switch on and off command latency measurement code in
the eata_dma driver. With the lockup and unlock commands, root
can control bus lockups simulated by the scsi_debug driver.
/proc/self
This directory refers to the process accessing the /proc
filesystem, and is identical to the /proc directory named by the
process ID of the same process.
/proc/slabinfo
Information about kernel caches. The columns are:
cache-name
num-active-objs
total-objs
object-size
num-active-slabs
total-slabs
num-pages-per-slab
See slabinfo(5) for details.
/proc/stat
kernel/system statistics. Varies with architecture. Common
entries include:
cpu 3357 0 4313 1362393
The amount of time, measured in units of USER_HZ
(1/100ths of a second on most architectures), that the
system spent in user mode, user mode with low priority
(nice), system mode, and the idle task, respectively.
The last value should be USER_HZ times the second entry
in the uptime pseudo-file.
In Linux 2.6 this line includes three additional columns:
iowait - time waiting for I/O to complete (since 2.5.41);
irq - time servicing interrupts (since 2.6.0-test4);
softirq - time servicing softirqs (since 2.6.0-test4).
page 5741 1808
The number of pages the system paged in and the number
that were paged out (from disk).
swap 1 0
The number of swap pages that have been brought in and
out.
intr 1462898
This line shows counts of interrupts serviced since boot
time, for each of the possible system interrupts. The
first column is the total of all interrupts serviced;
each subsequent column is the total for a particular
interrupt.
disk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):...
(major,minor):(noinfo, read_io_ops, blks_read,
write_io_ops, blks_written)
(Linux 2.4 only)
ctxt 115315
The number of context switches that the system underwent.
btime 769041601
boot time, in seconds since the epoch (January 1, 1970).
processes 86031
Number of forks since boot.
procs_running 6
Number of processes in runnable state. (Linux 2.5.45
onwards.)
procs_blocked 2
Number of processes blocked waiting for I/O to complete.
(Linux 2.5.45 onwards.)
/proc/swaps
Swap areas in use. See also swapon(8).
/proc/sys
This directory (present since 1.3.57) contains a number of files
and subdirectories corresponding to kernel variables. These
variables can be read and sometimes modified using the proc file
system, and the sysctl(2) system call. Presently, there are sub-
directories abi, debug, dev, fs, kernel, net, proc, rxrpc, sun-
rpc and vm that each contain more files and subdirectories.
/proc/sys/abi
This directory may contain files with application binary infor-
mation. On some systems, it is not present.
/proc/sys/debug
This directory may be empty.
/proc/sys/dev
This directory contains device specific information (eg
dev/cdrom/info). On some systems, it may be empty.
/proc/sys/fs
This contains the subdirectories binfmt_misc, inotify, and
mqueue, and files dentry-state, dir-notify-enable, dquot-nr,
file-max, file-nr, inode-max, inode-nr, inode-state, lease-
break-time, leases-enable, overflowgid, overflowuid,
suid_dumpable, super-max, and super-nr.
/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
Documentation for files in this directory can be found in the
kernel sources in Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt.
/proc/sys/fs/dentry-state
This file contains six numbers, nr_dentry, nr_unused, age_limit
(age in seconds), want_pages (pages requested by system) and two
dummy values. nr_dentry seems to be 0 all the time. nr_unused
seems to be the number of unused dentries. age_limit is the age
in seconds after which dcache entries can be reclaimed when mem-
ory is short and want_pages is non-zero when the kernel has
called shrink_dcache_pages() and the dcache isn’t pruned yet.
/proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable
This file can be used to disable or enable the dnotify interface
described in fcntl(2) on a system-wide basis. A value of 0 in
this file disables the interface, and a value of 1 enables it.
/proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
This file shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries.
On some (2.4) systems, it is not present. If the number of free
cached disk quota entries is very low and you have some awesome
number of simultaneous system users, you might want to raise the
limit.
/proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr
This file shows the number of allocated disk quota entries and
the number of free disk quota entries.
/proc/sys/fs/file-max
This file defines a system-wide limit on the number of open
files for all processes. (See also setrlimit(2), which can be
used by a process to set the per-process limit, RLIMIT_NOFILE,
on the number of files it may open.) If you get lots of error
messages about running out of file handles, try increasing this
value:
echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
The kernel constant NR_OPEN imposes an upper limit on the value
that may be placed in file-max.
If you increase /proc/sys/fs/file-max, be sure to increase
/proc/sys/fs/inode-max to 3-4 times the new value of
/proc/sys/fs/file-max, or you will run out of inodes.
/proc/sys/fs/file-nr
This (read-only) file gives the number of files presently
opened. It contains three numbers: The number of allocated file
handles, the number of free file handles and the maximum number
of file handles. The kernel allocates file handles dynamically,
but it doesn’t free them again. If the number of allocated
files is close to the
maximum, you should consider increasing the maximum. When the
number of free file handles is large, you’ve encountered a peak
in your usage of file handles and you probably don’t need to
increase the maximum.
/proc/sys/fs/inode-max
This file contains the maximum number of in-memory inodes. On
some (2.4) systems, it may not be present. This value should be
3-4 times larger than the value in file-max, since stdin, stdout
and network sockets also need an inode to handle them. When you
regularly run out of inodes, you need to increase this value.
/proc/sys/fs/inode-nr
This file contains the first two values from inode-state.
/proc/sys/fs/inode-state
This file contains seven numbers: nr_inodes, nr_free_inodes,
preshrink and four dummy values. nr_inodes is the number of
inodes the system has allocated. This can be slightly more than
inode-max because Linux allocates them one page full at a time.
nr_free_inodes represents the number of free inodes. preshrink
is non-zero when the nr_inodes > inode-max and the system needs
to prune the inode list instead of allocating more.
/proc/sys/fs/inotify (since Linux 2.6.13)
This directory contains files max_queued_events,
max_user_instances, and max_user_watches, that can be used to
limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by the inotify inter-
face. For further details, see inotify(7).
/proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time
This file specifies the grace period that the kernel grants to a
process holding a file lease (fcntl(2)) after it has sent a sig-
nal to that process notifying it that another process is waiting
to open the file. If the lease holder does not remove or down-
grade the lease within this grace period, the kernel forcibly
breaks the lease.
/proc/sys/fs/leases-enable
This file can be used to enable or disable file leases
(fcntl(2)) on a system-wide basis. If this file contains the
value 0, leases are disabled. A non-zero value enables leases.
/proc/sys/fs/mqueue (since Linux 2.6.6)
This directory contains files msg_max, msgsize_max, and
queues_max, controlling the resources used by POSIX message
queues. See mq_overview(7) for details.
/proc/sys/fs/overflowgid and /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid
These files allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and
GID. The default is 65534. Some filesystems only support
16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux UIDs and GIDs are 32
bits. When one of these filesystems is mounted with writes
enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated to
the overflow value before being written to disk.
/proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable (since Linux 2.6.13)
The value in this file determines whether core dump files are
produced for set-user-ID or otherwise protected/tainted bina-
ries. Three different integer values can be specified:
0 (default) This provides the traditional (pre-Linux 2.6.13)
behaviour. A core dump will not be produced for a process which
has changed credentials (by calling seteuid(2), setgid(2), or
similar, or by executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program)
or whose binary does not have read permission enabled.
1 ("debug") All processes dump core when possible. The core
dump is owned by the file system user ID of the dumping process
and no security is applied. This is intended for system debug-
ging situations only. Ptrace is unchecked.
2 ("suidsafe") Any binary which normally would not be dumped
(see "0" above) is dumped readable by root only. This allows
the user to remove the core dump file but not to read it. For
security reasons core dumps in this mode will not overwrite one
another or other files. This mode is appropriate when adminis-
trators are attempting to debug problems in a normal environ-
ment.
/proc/sys/fs/super-max
This file controls the maximum number of superblocks, and thus
the maximum number of mounted filesystems the kernel can have.
You only need to increase super-max if you need to mount more
filesystems than the current value in super-max allows you to.
/proc/sys/fs/super-nr
This file contains the number of filesystems currently mounted.
/proc/sys/kernel
This directory contains files acct, cad_pid, cap-bound,
core_pattern, core_uses_pid, ctrl-alt-del, dentry-state, domain-
name, hotplug, hostname, htab-reclaim (PowerPC only), java-
appletviewer (binfmt_java, obsolete), java-interpreter
(binfmt_java, obsolete), l2cr (PowerPC only), modprobe, msgmax,
msgmnb, msgmni, osrelease, ostype, overflowgid, overflowuid,
panic, panic_on_oops, pid_max, powersave-nap (PowerPC only),
printk, pty, random, real-root-dev, reboot-cmd (SPARC only),
rtsig-max, rtsig-nr, sem, sg-big-buff, shmall, shmmax, shmmni,
sysrq, tainted, threads-max, version, and zero-paged (PowerPC
only).
/proc/sys/kernel/acct
This file contains three numbers: highwater, lowwater and fre-
quency. If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values
control its behaviour. If free space on filesystem where the log
lives goes below lowwater percent accounting suspends. If free
space gets above highwater percent accounting resumes. Fre-
quency determines how often the kernel checks the amount of free
space (value is in seconds). Default values are 4, 2 and 30.
That is, suspend accounting if <= 2% of space is free; resume it
if >= 4% of space is free; consider information about amount of
free space valid for 30 seconds.
/proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound
This file holds the value of the kernel capability bounding set
(expressed as a signed decimal number). This set is ANDed
against the capabilities permitted to a process during exec().
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
See core(5). /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid See core(5).
/proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
This file controls the handling of Ctrl-Alt-Del from the key-
board. When the value in this file is 0, Ctrl-Alt-Del is
trapped and sent to the init(1) program to handle a graceful
restart. When the value is > 0, Linux’s reaction to a Vulcan
Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even sync-
ing its dirty buffers. Note: when a program (like dosemu) has
the keyboard in ’raw’ mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by
the program before it ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and
it’s up to the program to decide what to do with it.
/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
This file contains the path for the hotplug policy agent. The
default value in this file "/sbin/hotplug".
/proc/sys/kernel/domainname and /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the hostname of
your box in exactly the same way as the commands domainname and
hostname, i.e.:
# echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
# echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
has the same effect as
# hostname "darkstar"
# domainname "mydomain"
Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the host-
name "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server) domainname
"frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network Information
Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two domain names
are in general different. For a detailed discussion see the
hostname(1) man page.
/proc/sys/kernel/htab-reclaim
(PowerPC only) If this file is set to a non-zero value, the Pow-
erPC htab (see kernel file Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt)
is pruned each time the system hits the idle loop.
/proc/sys/kernel/l2cr
(PowerPC only) This file contains a flag that controls the L2
cache of G3 processor boards. If 0, the cache is disabled.
Enabled if non-zero.
/proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
This file is described by the kernel source file Documenta-
tion/kmod.txt.
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmax
This file defines a system-wide limit specifying the maximum
number of bytes in a single message written on a System V mes-
sage queue.
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmni
This file defines the system-wide limit on the number of message
queue identifiers. (This file is only present in Linux 2.4
onwards.)
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb
This file defines a system-wide parameter used to initialise the
msg_qbytes setting for subsequently created message queues. The
msg_qbytes setting specifies the maximum number of bytes that
may be written to the message queue.
/proc/sys/kernel/ostype and /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
These files give substrings of /proc/version.
/proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid and /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid
These files duplicate the files /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid and
/proc/sys/fs/overflowuid.
/proc/sys/kernel/panic
gives read/write access to the kernel variable panic_timeout.
If this is zero, the kernel will loop on a panic; if non-zero it
indicates that the kernel should autoreboot after this number of
seconds. When you use the software watchdog device driver, the
recommended setting is 60.
/proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops
This file (new in Linux 2.5) controls the kernel’s behaviour
when an oops or BUG is encountered. If this file contains 0,
then the system tries to continue operation. If it contains 1,
then the system delays a few seconds (to give klogd time to
record the oops output) and then panics. If the /proc/sys/ker-
nel/panic file is also non-zero then the machine will be
rebooted.
/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max
This file (new in Linux 2.5) specifies the value at which PIDs
wrap around (i.e., the value in this file is one greater than
the maximum PID). The default value for this file, 32768,
results in the same range of PIDs as on earlier kernels. On
32-bit platfroms, 32768 is the maximum value for pid_max. On
64-bit systems, pid_max can be set to any value up to 2^22
(PID_MAX_LIMIT, approximately 4 million).
/proc/sys/kernel/powersave-nap (PowerPC only)
This file contains a flag. If set, Linux-PPC will use the ’nap’
mode of powersaving, otherwise the ’doze’ mode will be used.
/proc/sys/kernel/printk
The four values in this file are console_loglevel, default_mes-
sage_loglevel, minimum_console_level and default_con-
sole_loglevel. These values influence printk() behavior when
printing or logging error messages. See syslog(2) for more info
on the different loglevels. Messages with a higher priority
than console_loglevel will be printed to the console. Messages
without an explicit priority will be printed with priority
default_message_level. minimum_console_loglevel is the minimum
(highest) value to which console_loglevel can be set.
default_console_loglevel is the default value for con-
sole_loglevel.
/proc/sys/kernel/pty (since Linux 2.6.4)
This directory contains two files relating to the number of Unix
98 pseudo-terminals (see pts(4)) on the system.
/proc/sys/kernel/pty/max
This file defines the maximum number of pseudo-terminals.
/proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr
This read-only file indicates how many pseudo-terminals are cur-
rently in use.
/proc/sys/kernel/random
This directory contains various parameters controlling the oper-
ation of the file /dev/random. See random(4) for further infor-
mation.
/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
This file is documented in the kernel source file Documenta-
tion/initrd.txt.
/proc/sys/kernel/reboot-cmd (Sparc only)
This file seems to be a way to give an argument to the SPARC
ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what to do after reboot-
ing?
/proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max
(Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7; see setrlimit(2))
This file can be used to tune the maximum number of POSIX real-
time (queued) signals that can be outstanding in the system.
/proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr
(Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7.) This file shows
the number POSIX realtime signals currently queued.
/proc/sys/kernel/sem (since Linux 2.4)
This file contains 4 numbers defining limits for System V IPC
semaphores. These fields are, in order:
SEMMSL The maximum semaphores per semaphore set.
SEMMNS A system-wide limit on the number of semaphores in all
semaphore sets.
SEMOPM The maximum number of operations that may be specified
in a semop(2) call.
SEMMNI A system-wide limit on the maximum number of semaphore
identifiers.
/proc/sys/kernel/sg-big-buff
This file shows the size of the generic SCSI device (sg) buffer.
You can’t tune it just yet, but you could change it on compile
time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and changing the value of
SG_BIG_BUFF. However, there shouldn’t be any reason to change
this value.
/proc/sys/kernel/shmall
This file contains the system-wide limit on the total number of
pages of System V shared memory.
/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
This file can be used to query and set the run time limit on the
maximum (System V IPC) shared memory segment size that can be
created. Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supported in
the kernel. This value defaults to SHMMAX.
/proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
(available in Linux 2.4 and onwards) This file specifies the
system-wide maximum number of System V shared memory segments
that can be created.
/proc/sys/kernel/version
contains a string like:
#5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998.TP
The ’#5’ means that this is the fifth kernel built from this
source base and the date behind it indicates the time the kernel
was built.
/proc/sys/kernel/zero-paged (PowerPC only)
This file contains a flag. When enabled (non-zero), Linux-PPC
will pre-zero pages in the idle loop, possibly speeding up
get_free_pages.
/proc/sys/net
This directory contains networking stuff. Explanations for some
of the files under this directory can be found in tcp(7) and
ip(7).
/proc/sys/proc
This directory may be empty.
/proc/sys/sunrpc
This directory supports Sun remote procedure call for network
file system (NFS). On some systems, it is not present.
/proc/sys/vm
This directory contains files for memory management tuning,
buffer and cache management.
/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches (since Linux 2.6.16)
Writing to this file causes the kernel to drop clean caches,
dentries and inodes from memory, causing that memory to become
free.
To free pagecache, use echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; to
free dentries and inodes, use echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches;
to free pagecache, dentries and inodes, use echo 3 >
/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches.
Because this is a non-destructive operation and dirty objects
are not freeable, the user should run sync(8) first.
/proc/sys/vm/legacy_va_layout (since Linux 2.6.9)
If non-zero, this disable the new 32-bit memory-mapping layout;
the kernel will use the legacy (2.4) layout for all processes.
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
This file contains the kernel virtual memory accounting mode.
Values are:
0: heuristic overcommit (this is the default)
1: always overcommit, never check
2: always check, never overcommit
In mode 0, calls of mmap(2) with MAP_NORESERVE set are not
checked, and the default check is very weak, leading to the risk
of getting a process "OOM-killed". Under Linux 2.4 any non-zero
value implies mode 1. In mode 2 (available since Linux 2.6),
the total virtual address space on the system is limited to (SS
+ RAM*(r/100)), where SS is the size of the swap space, and RAM
is the size of the physical memory, and r is the contents of the
file /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio.
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio
See the description of /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory.
/proc/sysvipc
Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files msg, sem and shm.
These files list the System V Interprocess Communication (IPC)
objects (respectively: message queues, semaphores, and shared
memory) that currently exist on the system, providing similar
information to that available via ipcs(1). These files have
headers and are formatted (one IPC object per line) for easy
understanding. svipc(7) provides further background on the
information shown by these files.
/proc/tty
Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files and subdirectories for
tty drivers and line disciplines.
/proc/uptime
This file contains two numbers: the uptime of the system (sec-
onds), and the amount of time spent in idle process (seconds).
/proc/version
This string identifies the kernel version that is currently run-
ning. It includes the contents of /proc/sys/ostype,
/proc/sys/osrelease and /proc/sys/version. For example:
Linux version 1.0.9 (quinlan@phaze) #1 Sat May 14 01:51:54 EDT 1994
/proc/vmstat (since Linux 2.6)
This file displays various virtual memory statistics.
/proc/zoneinfo (since Linux 2.6.13)
This file display information about memory zones. This is use-
ful for analysing virtual memory behaviour.
SEE ALSO
cat(1), find(1), free(1), mount(1), ps(1), tr(1), uptime(1), chroot(2),
mmap(2), readlink(2), syslog(2), slabinfo(5), hier(7), arp(8),
dmesg(8), hdparm(8), ifconfig(8), init(8), lsmod(8), lspci(8), net-
stat(8), procinfo(8), route(8)
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
CAVEATS
Note that many strings (i.e., the environment and command line) are in
the internal format, with sub-fields terminated by null bytes (’/0’),
so you may find that things are more readable if you use od -c or tr
"/000" "/n" to read them. Alternatively, echo ‘cat <file>‘ works well.
This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind of
thing that needs to be updated very often.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The material on /proc/sys/fs and /proc/sys/kernel is closely based on
kernel source documentation files written by Rik van Riel.