matplotlib基础1:绘图基本属性设置 -- xticks(loc,labels)格式化转义标记

matplotlib绘图基本属性设置:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue Jul 24 15:11:36 2018

@author: Administrator
"""

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


x = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 1000)   # 均匀分布的1000个数 endpoint=False
cos_y = np.cos(x) / 2
sin_y = np.sin(x)

# 初始值(x0,y0)
x0 = np.pi * 3 / 4 
x1 = -np.pi * 4 / 5
y0_cos = np.cos(x0) / 2
y1_sin = np.sin(x1)

# text内容
text_cont = 'This is a test!'

# 设置图形对象 :窗口
plt.figure('Figure Object 1',       # 图形对象名称  窗口左上角显示
           figsize = (8, 6),        # 窗口大小
           dpi = 120,               # 分辨率
           facecolor = 'lightgray', # 背景色
           )

# 设置座标轴边界 xlim ylim
plt.xlim(x.min() * 1.1, x.max() * 1.1)
plt.ylim(sin_y.min() * 1.1, sin_y.max() * 1.1)

# 设置title
plt.title('Function Curve', fontsize=14)


# ************************ 座标轴刻度:start *****************************
# 方法1:设置刻度值即座标轴刻度 xticks yticks
plt.xticks([-np.pi, -np.pi / 2, 0, np.pi / 2, np.pi * 3 / 4,
           np.pi],
          [r'$-\pi$', r'$-\frac{\pi}{2}$', r'$0$',
           r'$\frac{\pi}{2}$', r'$\frac{3\pi}{4}$',
           r'$\pi$'])
# 格式化转义 字符串首尾 r'$...$' (matplotlib中)
# xticks(loc, labels): labels 格式化转义方法 r'$-\frac{\pi}{2}$' 留意分数的表示方式
# pi需要转义才能显示为字符 pai. 若$-pi$ 则直接显示-pi
# 如果没有第二个[]参数,刻度值显示如-3.142, -1.571...等浮点数,而不是-pi
plt.yticks([-1, -0.5, 0.5, 1])  # == ax.set_yticks([-1, -0.5, 0.5, 1])

# 方法2:设置座标轴刻度
# ax.set_yticks([-1, -0.5, 0.5, 1]  # 等价于 plt.yticks([-1, -0.5, 0.5, 1])
# ax.set_xticks([-np.pi, -np.pi / 2, 0, np.pi / 2, np.pi * 3 / 4,
#           np.pi],[r'$-\pi$', r'$-\frac{\pi}{2}$',r'$0$',
#           r'$\frac{\pi}{2}$', r'$\frac{3\pi}{4}$',#r'$\pi$']) # 显示 -3,-2,-1

# 获取当前座标轴 
ax = plt.gca()

# 方法3:座标刻度定位器 axis :ax.x[y]axis.set_major[minor]_locator(locator)
# 与(plt.xticks , plt.yticks)和 (ax.set_xticks和ax.set_yticks)一样功能
# ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MaxNLocator(nbins=5, steps=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]))   # 面元划分 4段数据
# ax.yaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(0.5))        # 次刻度间隔
'''locator类型:
        'plt.NullLocator()',
        'plt.MaxNLocator(nbins=5, steps=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9])',   # nbin=5:面元边界个数即4个buckt steps不知道啥意思
        'plt.FixedLocator(locs=[0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10])',       # 直接指定刻度值位置 
        'plt.AutoLocator()',                                 # 自动分配刻度值位置
        'plt.IndexLocator(offset=0.5, base=1.5)',            # 面元宽度(间隔)1.5,从0.5开始
        'plt.MultipleLocator()',                             # 可以自由自定刻度间隔
        'plt.LinearLocator(numticks=21)',                    # 线性划分20等分,21个刻度
        'plt.LogLocator(base=2, subs=[1.0])']                # 对数定位器
'''

# 设置座标轴的刻度参数
plt.tick_params(labelsize=10)       # NOTE: 不是fontsize, 是labelsize
# ************************ 座标轴刻度:end *****************************


# 移动座标轴:设置零点在座标轴的位置 ,set_position(tuple) 元素为tuple
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))   # data 表示position是相对于数据座标系
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')     # y轴'right': 刻度值显示在right座标轴上
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')   # x轴top:ticks值显示在top座标轴上

# 隐藏top和right边框
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')

plt.plot(x, cos_y,
         linestyle='-', 
         linewidth=2,
         color='dodgerblue', 
         label=r'$y=\frac{1}{2}$cos(x)')  # r'$..$'外部不需要引号

plt.plot(x, sin_y, 
         linestyle='-',         # 线型
         linewidth=2,           # 线宽
         color='orangered', 
         label=r'$y=sin(x)$')       # label:legend显示的内容

# 设置图例legend, 可以直接设置在plt.plot的label属性中,然后plt.lengend()显示
# loc顺序: “先上中下,再左中右” 默认上左, shadow default: False
plt.legend(loc='upper left',shadow=False, fontsize=12)

# 网格 grid参数
plt.grid(color = 'y', linestyle=':', linewidth=1)

# scatter
plt.scatter([x0, x1],[y0_cos, y1_sin],       # 两个点的座标
            s = 60,     # fontsize
            edgecolor='limegreen',  # 散点边缘色
            facecolor='purple',      # 散点填充色
            zorder=3                # Z序 ,图层顺序
            )

# 两点间的线段
plt.plot([x0, x1],[y0_cos, y1_sin],
         linestyle='--',
         color='limegreen',
         alpha=0.4,            # 透明度 0~1
         marker='o',           # 点样式
         markersize=6 
         )

# 对点(x0,y0)备注文本
plt.annotate(
        r'$\frac{1}{2}cos(\frac{3\pi}{4}) = -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}$',  # 备注文本
        xy = (x0, y0_cos),     # 目标位置
        xycoords = 'data',     # 目标座标系:相对于数据座标系
        xytext = (-70, -35),   # 文本位置,偏移量,textcoords = 'offset points' 相对于目标点
        textcoords = 'offset points',        # 相对于目标点为原点的座标系偏移
        fontsize = 14,
        arrowprops = dict(arrowstyle='->',          # 箭头样式, '-|>' '->'
                          connectionstyle='arc3, rad=.2')         # 箭头属性
        )

# plt.text: Add text to the axes.
# Add the text s to the axes at location x, y in data coordinates
plt.text(-2,
         0.5, 
         'Content:%s' % text_cont,      # 文本内容 , 可格式化方式
         fontsize = 10,
         ha='center', 
         va='center',
         alpha=0.5,
         color = 'r'
        )   

# 显示图像
plt.show()

'''
plot(*args, **kwargs)
    Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers.
    Call signatures:
        plot([x], y, [fmt], data=None, **kwargs)
        plot([x], y, [fmt], [x2], y2, [fmt2], ..., **kwargs)
'''

这里写图片描述

NOTE: 注意用法和格式:
1、格式化转义书写格式:

mp.xticks([-np.pi, -np.pi / 2, 0, np.pi / 2, np.pi * 3 / 4,
           np.pi],
          [r'$-\pi$', r'$-\frac{\pi}{2}$', r'$0$',
           r'$\frac{\pi}{2}$', r'$\frac{3\pi}{4}$',
           r'$\pi$'])
# 格式化转义  字符串首尾 r'$...$') (matplotlib中)
# xticks(loc, labels): labels 格式化转义方法 r'$-\frac{\pi}{2}$'
# pi需要转义才能显示为字符 pai. 若$-pi$ 则直接显示-pi
# 如果没有第二个[]参数,刻度值显示如-3.142, -1.571...等浮点数,而不是-pi

2、刻度定位器与格式(Tick Locator)
参考链接:matplotlib命令与格式:tick座标轴主副刻度设置

定义主刻度变量

xmajorLocator = MultipleLocator(20) #将x主刻度标签设置为20的倍数
xmajorFormatter = FormatStrFormatter('%5.1f') #设置x轴标签文本的格式
ymajorLocator = MultipleLocator(0.5) #将y轴主刻度标签设置为0.5的倍数
ymajorFormatter = FormatStrFormatter('%1.1f') #设置y轴标签文本的格式

设置主刻度标签的位置,标签文本的格式

ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(xmajorLocator)
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(xmajorFormatter)
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ymajorLocator)
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(ymajorFormatter)

修改次刻度

xminorLocator = MultipleLocator(5) #将x轴次刻度标签设置为5的倍数
yminorLocator = MultipleLocator(0.1) #将此y轴次刻度标签设置为0.1的倍数

设置次刻度标签的位置,没有标签文本格式

ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(xminorLocator)
ax.yaxis.set_minor_locator(yminorLocator)

删除座标轴的刻度显示

ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.NullLocator()) 
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter()) 

涉及日期格式的locator简述

ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(md.WeekdayLocator(byweekday=md.MO))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(md.DayLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(md.DateFormatter('%d %b %Y'))

NOTE1:
Python only supports :mod:datetime :func:strftime formatting for years greater than 1900

class DateFormatter(ticker.Formatter):
    """
    Tick location is seconds since the epoch.  Use a :func:`strftime`
    format string.
    Python only supports :mod:`datetime` :func:`strftime` formatting
    for years greater than 1900.  Thanks to Andrew Dalke, Dalke
    Scientific Software who contributed the :func:`strftime` code
    below to include dates earlier than this year.
    """

NOTE2:
Elements of byweekday must be one of MO, TU, WE, TH, FR, SA,
SU, the constants from:mod:dateutil.rrule, which have been imported into the :mod:matplotlib.dates namespace.

class WeekdayLocator(RRuleLocator):
    """
    Make ticks on occurrences of each weekday.
    """
    def __init__(self, byweekday=1, interval=1, tz=None):
        """
        Mark every weekday in *byweekday*; *byweekday* can be a number or
        sequence.

        Elements of *byweekday* must be one of MO, TU, WE, TH, FR, SA,
        SU, the constants from :mod:`dateutil.rrule`, which have been
        imported into the :mod:`matplotlib.dates` namespace.

        *interval* specifies the number of weeks to skip.  For example,
        ``interval=2`` plots every second week.
        """

NOTE3:
bymonthday can be an int or sequence. Default bymonthday=range(1,32)

class DayLocator(RRuleLocator):
    """
    Make ticks on occurrences of each day of the month.  For example,
    1, 15, 30.
    """
    def __init__(self, bymonthday=None, interval=1, tz=None):
        """
        Mark every day in *bymonthday*; *bymonthday* can be an int or
        sequence.

        Default is to tick every day of the month: ``bymonthday=range(1,32)``
        """

locator属性类型:

'''locator类型:
        'plt.NullLocator()',
        'plt.MaxNLocator(nbins=5, steps=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9])',   # nbin=5:面元边界个数即4个buckt steps不知道啥意思
        'plt.FixedLocator(locs=[0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10])',       # 直接指定刻度值位置 
        'plt.AutoLocator()',                                 # 自动分配刻度值位置
        'plt.IndexLocator(offset=0.5, base=1.5)',            # 面元宽度(间隔)1.5,从0.5开始
        'plt.MultipleLocator()',                             # 可以自由自定刻度间隔
        'plt.LinearLocator(numticks=21)',                    # 线性划分20等分,21个刻度
        'plt.LogLocator(base=2, subs=[1.0])']                # 对数定位器
'''
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