例2：創建DML語句行級觸發器。當對emp表執行INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE 操作時，它自動更新dept_summary 表中的數據。由於在PL/SQL塊中不能直接調用DDL語句，所以，利用ORACLE內置包DBMS_UTILITY中的EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT過程，由它執行DDL語句創建觸發器。
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_update
AFTER UPDATE OF sal ON emp
REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (old_emp.sal != new_emp.sal)
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在執行trig2_update 觸發器…'');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 舊值：''|| :old_emp.sal);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值：''|| :new_emp.sal);
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - :old_emp.sal
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
END;'
);
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_insert
AFTER INSERT ON emp
REFERENCING NEW AS new_emp
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
I NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在執行trig2_insert 觸發器…'');
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I
FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
IF I > 0 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count+1
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
ELSE
INSERT INTO dept_summary
VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1);
END IF;
END;'
);
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_delete
AFTER DELETE ON emp
REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
I NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在執行trig2_delete 觸發器…'');
SELECT emp_count INTO I
FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
IF I >1 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum - :old_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count - 1
WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
ELSE
DELETE FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
END IF;
END;'
);
INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc');
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入後');
Disp_dept_summary();
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改後');
Disp_dept_summary();
DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90;
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('刪除後');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_update');
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_insert');
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_delete');
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
END;
例3：利用ORACLE提供的條件謂詞INSERTING、UPDATING和DELETING創建與例2具有相同功能的觸發器。
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2
AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF sal
ON emp
REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
I NUMBER;
BEGIN
IF UPDATING AND :old_emp.sal != :new_emp.sal THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在執行trig2 觸發器…'');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 舊值：''|| :old_emp.sal);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值：''|| :new_emp.sal);
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - :old_emp.sal
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
ELSIF INSERTING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在執行trig2觸發器…'');
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I
FROM dept_summary
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
IF I > 0 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count+1
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
ELSE
INSERT INTO dept_summary
VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1);
END IF;
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在執行trig2觸發器…'');
SELECT emp_count INTO I
FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
IF I > 1 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum - :old_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count - 1
WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
ELSE
DELETE FROM dept_summary
WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno;
END IF;
END IF;
END;'
);
INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc');
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入後');
Disp_dept_summary();
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改後');
Disp_dept_summary();
DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90;
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('刪除後');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2');
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
END;
例4：創建INSTEAD OF 觸發器。首先創建一個視圖myview,由於該視圖是複合查詢所產生的視圖，所以不能執行DML語句。根據用戶對視圖所插入的數據判斷需要將數據插入到哪個視圖基表中，然後對該基表執行插入操作。
DECLARE
No NUMBER;
Name VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myview AS
SELECT empno, ename, ''E'' type FROM emp
UNION
SELECT dept.deptno, dname, ''D'' FROM dept
');
-- 創建INSTEAD OF 觸發器trigger3;
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig3
INSTEAD OF INSERT ON myview
REFERENCING NEW n
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
Rows INTEGER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在執行trig3觸發器…'');
IF :n.type = ''D'' THEN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows
FROM dept WHERE deptno = :n.empno;
IF rows = 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''向dept表中插入數據…'');
INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES (:n.empno, :n.ename, ''none’’);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''編號爲''|| :n.empno||
''的部門已存在，插入操作失敗！'');
END IF;
ELSE
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows
FROM emp WHERE empno = :n.empno;
IF rows = 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('’向emp表中插入數據…’’);
INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename)
VALUES(:n.empno, :n.ename);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''編號爲''|| :n.empno||
''的人員已存在，插入操作失敗!'');
END IF;
END IF;
END;
');
INSERT INTO myview VALUES (70, 'demo', 'D');
INSERT INTO myview VALUES (9999, USER, 'E');
SELECT deptno, dname INTO no, name FROM dept WHERE deptno=70;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('員工編號：'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名：'||name);
SELECT empno, ename INTO no, name FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('部門編號：'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名：'||name);
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=70;
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig3');
END;
例5：利用ORACLE事件屬性函數，創建一個系統事件觸發器。首先創建一個事件日誌表eventlog，由它存儲用戶在當前數據庫中所創建的數據庫對象，以及用戶的登陸和註銷、數據庫的啓動和關閉等事件，之後創建trig4_ddl、trig4_before和trig4_after觸發器，它們調用事件屬性函數將各個事件記錄到eventlog數據表中。
BEGIN
-- 創建用於記錄事件日誌的數據表
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE TABLE eventlog(
Eventname VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
Eventdate date default sysdate,
Inst_num NUMBER NULL,
Db_name VARCHAR2(50) NULL,
Srv_error NUMBER NULL,
Username VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
Obj_type VARCHAR2(20) NULL,
Obj_name VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
Obj_owner VARCHAR2(30) NULL
)
');
-- 創建DDL觸發器trig4_ddl
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_ddl
AFTER CREATE OR ALTER OR DROP
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Typ VARCHAR2(20);
Name VARCHAR2(30);
Owner VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
-- 讀取DDL事件屬性
Event := SYSEVENT;
Typ := DICTIONARY_OBJ_TYPE;
Name := DICTIONARY_OBJ_NAME;
Owner := DICTIONARY_OBJ_OWNER;
--將事件屬性插入到事件日誌表中
INSERT INTO scott.eventlog(eventname, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner)
VALUES(event, typ, name, owner);
END;
');
-- 創建LOGON、STARTUP和SERVERERROR 事件觸發器
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_after
AFTER LOGON OR STARTUP OR SERVERERROR
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Instance NUMBER;
Err_num NUMBER;
Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
User VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
Event := SYSEVENT;
IF event = ''LOGON'' THEN
User := LOGIN_USER;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username)
VALUES(event, user);
ELSIF event = ''SERVERERROR'' THEN
Err_num := SERVER_ERROR(1);
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, srv_error)
VALUES(event, err_num);
ELSE
Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name)
VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
END IF;
END;
');
-- 創建LOGOFF和SHUTDOWN 事件觸發器
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_before
BEFORE LOGOFF OR SHUTDOWN
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Instance NUMBER;
Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
User VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
Event := SYSEVENT;
IF event = ''LOGOFF'' THEN
User := LOGIN_USER;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username)
VALUES(event, user);
ELSE
Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name)
VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
END IF;
END;
');
END;
CREATE TABLE mydata(mydate NUMBER);
CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER
COL eventname FORMAT A10
COL eventdate FORMAT A12
COL username FORMAT A10
COL obj_type FORMAT A15
COL obj_name FORMAT A15
COL obj_owner FORMAT A10
SELECT eventname, eventdate, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner, username, Srv_error
FROM eventlog;
DROP TRIGGER trig4_ddl;
DROP TRIGGER trig4_before;
DROP TRIGGER trig4_after;
DROP TABLE eventlog;
DROP TABLE mydata;
8.6 數據庫觸發器的應用實例
用戶可以使用數據庫觸發器實現各種功能：
l 複雜的審計功能；
例：將EMP 表的變化情況記錄到AUDIT_TABLE和AUDIT_TABLE_VALUES中。
CREATE TABLE audit_table(
Audit_id NUMBER,
User_name VARCHAR2(20),
Now_time DATE,
Terminal_name VARCHAR2(10),
Table_name VARCHAR2(10),
Action_name VARCHAR2(10),
Emp_id NUMBER(4));
CREATE TABLE audit_table_val(
Audit_id NUMBER,
Column_name VARCHAR2(10),
Old_val NUMBER(7,2),
New_val NUMBER(7,2));
CREATE SEQUENCE audit_seq
START WITH 1000
INCREMENT BY 1
NOMAXVALUE
NOCYCLE NOCACHE;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_emp
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
Time_now DATE;
Terminal CHAR(10);
BEGIN
Time_now:=sysdate;
Terminal:=USERENV('TERMINAL');
IF INSERTING THEN
INSERT INTO audit_table
VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now,
terminal, 'EMP', 'INSERT', :new.empno);
ELSIF DELETING THEN
INSERT INTO audit_table
VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now,
terminal, 'EMP', 'DELETE', :old.empno);
ELSE
INSERT INTO audit_table
VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now,
terminal, 'EMP', 'UPDATE', :old.empno);
IF UPDATING('SAL') THEN
INSERT INTO audit_table_val
VALUES(audit_seq.CURRVAL, 'SAL', :old.sal, :new.sal);
ELSE UPDATING('DEPTNO')
INSERT INTO audit_table_val
VALUES(audit_seq.CURRVAL, 'DEPTNO', :old.deptno, :new.deptno);
END IF;
END IF;
END;
l 增強數據的完整性管理；
例：修改DEPT表的DEPTNO列時，同時把EMP表中相應的DEPTNO也作相應的修改；
CREATE SEQUENCE update_sequence
INCREMENT BY 1
START WITH 1000
MAXVALUE 5000 CYCLE;
ALTER TABLE emp
ADD update_id NUMBER;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE integritypackage AS
Updateseq NUMBER;
END integritypackage;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY integritypackage AS
END integritypackage;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade1
BEFORE UPDATE OF deptno ON dept
DECLARE
Dummy NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT update_sequence.NEXTVAL INTO dummy FROM dual;
Integritypackage.updateseq:=dummy;
END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade2
AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE OF deptno ON dept
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF UPDATING THEN
UPDATE emp SET deptno=:new.deptno,
update_id=integritypackage.updateseq
WHERE emp.deptno=:old.deptno AND update_id IS NULL;
END IF;
IF DELETING THEN
DELETE FROM emp
WHERE emp.deptno=:old.deptno;
END IF;
END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade3
AFTER UPDATE OF deptno ON dept
BEGIN
UPDATE emp SET update_id=NULL
WHERE update_id=integritypackage.updateseq;
END;
SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY DEPTNO;
UPDATE dept SET deptno=25 WHERE deptno=20;
l 幫助實現安全控制；
例：保證對EMP表的修改僅在工作日的工作時間；
CREATE TABLE company_holidays(day DATE);
INSERT INTO company_holidays
VALUES(sysdate);
INSERT INTO company_holidays
VALUES(TO_DATE('21-10月-01', 'DD-MON-YY'));
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_permit_change
BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON emp
DECLARE
Dummy NUMBER;
Not_on_weekends EXCEPTION;
Not_on_holidays EXCEPTION;
Not_working_hours EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
/* check for weekends */
IF TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DAY') IN ('星期六', '星期日') THEN
RAISE not_on_weekends;
END IF;
/* check for company holidays */
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO dummy FROM company_holidays
WHERE TRUNC(day)=TRUNC(SYSDATE);
IF dummy >0 THEN
RAISE not_on_holidays;
END IF;
/* check for work hours(8:00 AM to 18:00 PM */
IF (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24')<8 OR TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24')>18) THEN
RAISE not_working_hours;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN not_on_weekends THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20324,
'May not change employee table during the weekends');
WHEN not_on_holidays THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20325,
'May not change employee table during a holiday');
WHEN not_working_hours THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20326,
'May not change employee table during no_working hours');
END;