數據類型
什麼是數據類型？
程序的本質就是驅使計算機去處理各種狀態的變化，這些狀態分爲很多種
例如英雄聯盟遊戲，一個人物角色有名字，錢，等級，裝備等特性，大家第一時間會想到這麼表示 名字：德瑪西亞－－－－－－－－－－－－>字符串 錢：10000 －－－－－－－－－－－－>數字 等級：15 －－－－－－－－－－－－>數字 裝備：鞋子，日炎斗篷，蘭頓之兆－－－－>列表 除此之外還有很多其他數據，處理不同的數據就需要定義不同的數據類型
基本數據類型：
一.數字(包括：整型，長整型，浮點，布爾，複數)
1.整型:Python的整型相當於C中的long型,Python中的整數不僅可以用十進制表示，也可以用八進制和十六進制表示。
>>> 10 10 --------->默認十進制 >>> oct(10) '012' --------->八進制表示整數時，數值前面要加上一個前綴“0” >>> hex(10) '0xa' --------->十六進制表示整數時，數字前面要加上前綴0X或0x
python2.*與python3.*關於整型的區別
python2.*
在32位機器上，整數的位數爲32位，取值範圍爲-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647 在64位系統上，整數的位數爲64位，取值範圍爲-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807
python3.*整形長度無限制,
整型工廠函數int()
class int(object):
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
"""
def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
int.bit_length() -> int
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
6
"""
return 0
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
pass
@classmethod # known case
def from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> int
Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
The bytes argument must be a bytes-like object (e.g. bytes or bytearray).
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument indicates whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer.
"""
pass
def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> bytes
Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
The integer is represented using length bytes. An OverflowError is
raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of
bytes.
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument determines whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer
is given, an OverflowError is raised.
"""
pass
def __abs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" abs(self) """
pass
def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self+value. """
pass
def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self&value. """
pass
def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" self != 0 """
pass
def __ceil__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __divmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return divmod(self, value). """
pass
def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self==value. """
pass
def __float__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" float(self) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self//value. """
pass
def __floor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Flooring an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>=value. """
pass
def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>value. """
pass
def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return hash(self). """
pass
def __index__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list. """
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __int__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" int(self) """
pass
def __invert__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" ~self """
pass
def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<=value. """
pass
def __lshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<<value. """
pass
def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<value. """
pass
def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self%value. """
pass
def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self*value. """
pass
def __neg__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" -self """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self!=value. """
pass
def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self|value. """
pass
def __pos__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" +self """
pass
def __pow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return pow(self, value, mod). """
pass
def __radd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value+self. """
pass
def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value&self. """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return divmod(value, self). """
pass
def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value//self. """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value<<self. """
pass
def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value%self. """
pass
def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value*self. """
pass
def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value|self. """
pass
def __round__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Rounding an Integral returns itself.
Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
"""
pass
def __rpow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return pow(value, self, mod). """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value>>self. """
pass
def __rshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>>value. """
pass
def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value-self. """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value/self. """
pass
def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value^self. """
pass
def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns size in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return str(self). """
pass
def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self-value. """
pass
def __truediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self/value. """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self^value. """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the real part of a complex number"""2.長整型long：
python2.*： 跟C語言不同，Python的長整型沒有指定位寬，也就是說Python沒有限制長整型數值的大小， 但是實際上由於機器內存有限，所以我們使用的長整型數值不可能無限大。 在使用過程中，我們如何區分長整型和整型數值呢？ 通常的做法是在數字尾部加上一個大寫字母L或小寫字母l以表示該整數是長整型的，例如： a = 9223372036854775808L 注意，自從Python2起，如果發生溢出，Python會自動將整型數據轉換爲長整型， 所以如今在長整型數據後面不加字母L也不會導致嚴重後果了。 python3.* 長整型，整型統一歸爲整型
python2.7 >>> a=9223372036854775807 >>> a 9223372036854775807 >>> a+=1 >>> a 9223372036854775808L python3.5 >>> a=9223372036854775807 >>> a 9223372036854775807 >>> a+=1 >>> a 9223372036854775808
3.浮點數float:
Python的浮點數就是數學中的小數，類似C語言中的double。 在運算中，整數與浮點數運算的結果是浮點數 浮點數也就是小數，之所以稱爲浮點數，是因爲按照科學記數法表示時， 一個浮點數的小數點位置是可變的，比如，1.23*109和12.3*108是相等的。 浮點數可以用數學寫法，如1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是對於很大或很小的浮點數， 就必須用科學計數法表示，把10用e替代，1.23*109就是1.23e9，或者12.3e8，0.000012 可以寫成1.2e-5，等等。 整數和浮點數在計算機內部存儲的方式是不同的，整數運算永遠是精確的而浮點數運算則可能會有 四捨五入的誤差。
4.布爾bool
True 和False
1和0
5.複數complex
複數由實數部分和虛數部分組成，一般形式爲x＋yj，其中的x是複數的實數部分，y是複數的虛數部分，這裏的x和y都是實數。
注意，虛數部分的字母j大小寫都可以，
>>> 1.3 + 2.5j == 1.3 + 2.5J
True
二.字符串
‘’或“”或‘’‘ ’‘’中間包含的內容稱之爲字符串
1.字符串定義
‘hello world’
2.字符串常用功能
移除空白
分割
長度
索引
切片
3.字符工廠函數str()
class str(basestring):
"""
str(object='') -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
"""
def capitalize(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
首字母大寫
S.capitalize() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
capitalized.
"""
return ""
def center(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
原來字符居中，不夠用空格補全
S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return ""
def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
從一個範圍內的統計某str出現次數
S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
as in slice notation.
"""
return 0
def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
decode(encoding='utf-8',errors='strict')
以encoding指定編碼格式編碼，如果出錯默認報一個ValueError，除非errors指定的是
ignore或replace
S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
"""
return object()
def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
"""
return object()
def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False
def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
將字符串中包含的\t轉換成tabsize個空格
S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
"""
return ""
def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0
def format(self, *args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
"""
格式化輸出
三種形式：
形式一.
>>> print('{0}{1}{0}'.format('a','b'))
aba
形式二：（必須一一對應）
>>> print('{}{}{}'.format('a','b'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: tuple index out of range
>>> print('{}{}'.format('a','b'))
ab
形式三：
>>> print('{name} {age}'.format(age=12,name='lhf'))
lhf 12
S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
"""
pass
def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0
def isalnum(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
至少一個字符，且都是數字才返回True
S.isalnum() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isalpha(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
至少一個字符，且都是字母才返回True
S.isalpha() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isdigit(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
至少一個字符，且都是整數才返回True
S.isdigit() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are digits
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def islower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
至少一個字符，且都是小寫字母才返回True
S.islower() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
至少一個字符，且都是空格才返回True
S.isspace() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
>>> a='Hello'
>>> a.istitle()
True
>>> a='HellP'
>>> a.istitle()
False
S.istitle() -> bool
Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise.
"""
return False
def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.isupper() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
以S爲分隔符講iterable合併成一個新的字符串
S.join(iterable) -> string
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
iterable. The separator between elements is S.
"""
return ""
def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
左對齊
S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
"""
return ""
def lower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.lower() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
"""
return ""
def lstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
以sep爲分割，將S分成head,sep,tail三部分
S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, return S and two empty strings.
"""
pass
def replace(self, old, new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
"""
return ""
def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0
def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0
def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return ""
def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
"""
pass
def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
is a separator.
"""
return []
def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
以sep爲分割，將S切分成列表，與partition的區別在於切分結果不包含sep，
如果一個字符串中包含多個sep那麼maxsplit爲最多切分成幾部分
S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
from the result.
"""
return []
def splitlines(self, keepends=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
is given and true.
"""
return []
def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False
def strip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def swapcase(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
大小寫反轉
S.swapcase() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
converted to lowercase and vice versa.
"""
return ""
def title(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.title() -> string
Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
"""
return ""
def translate(self, table, deletechars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
table=str.maketrans('alex','big SB')
a='hello abc'
print(a.translate(table))
S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
remaining characters have been mapped through the given
translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
"""
return ""
def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.upper() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
"""
return ""
def zfill(self, width): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
原來字符右對齊，不夠用0補齊
S.zfill(width) -> string
Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
"""
return ""
def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass
def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass
def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
"""
return ""
def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass
def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass
def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass
def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
"""
str(object='') -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass
def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass
def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass
def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass三.列表
[]內以逗號分隔，按照索引，存放各種數據類型，每個位置代表一個元素
1.列表定義
list_test=[’lhf‘,12,'ok']
或
list_test=list('abc')
或
list_test=list([’lhf‘,12,'ok'])2.列表常用操作
索引
切片
追加
刪除
長度
切片
循環
包含
3.列表工廠函數list()
class list(object): """ list() -> new empty list list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items """ def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end """ pass def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L """ pass def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L """ return [] def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ return 0 def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """ pass def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present. """ return 0 def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """ pass def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last). Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range. """ pass def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present. """ pass def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """ pass def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE* """ pass def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self+value. """ pass def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return key in self. """ pass def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Delete self[key]. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __iadd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement self+=value. """ pass def __imul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement self*=value. """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__ """ list() -> new empty list list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self*value.n """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """ pass def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self*value. """ pass def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Set self[key] to value. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """ pass __hash__ = None
四.元組
與列表類似，只不過［］改成（），且元組內元素不可變
1.元組定義
ages = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55) 或 ages = tuple((11, 22, 33, 44, 55))
2.元組常用操作
索引
切片
循環
長度
包含
3.元組工廠函數tuple()
五.字典
｛key1:value1,key2:value2｝,key-value結構，key必須可hash
1.字典定義
person = {"name": "sb", 'age': 18}
或
person = dict(name='sb', age=18)
person = dict({"name": "sb", 'age': 18})
person = dict((['name','sb'],['age',18]))
{}.fromkeys(seq,100) #不指定100默認爲None2.字典常用操作
索引
新增
刪除
鍵、值、鍵值對
循環
長度
3.字典工廠函數dict()
六.集合
由不同元素組成的集合，集合中是一組無序排列的可hash值，可以作爲字典的key
1.集合定義
{1,2,3,1}
或
>>> set_test=set('hello')
>>> set_test
{'l', 'o', 'e', 'h'}2.集合常用操作：關係運算
in
not in
＝＝
！＝
<,<=
>,>=
|,|=:合集
&.&=:交集
－,－=:差集
^,^=:對稱差分
3.集合工廠函數set()
class set(object): """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. """ def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Add an element to a set. This has no effect if the element is already present. """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements from this set. """ pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1-s2 Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) """ pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """ pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1-set(obj) Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1&s2 Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) """ pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """ pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1<=s2 Report whether another set contains this set. """ pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1>=s2 Report whether this set contains another set. """ pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove and return an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is empty. """ pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1^s2 Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) """ pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1|s2 Return the union of sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) """ pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """ pass def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&value. """ pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&=value. """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__ """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|=value. """ pass def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-=value. """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^=value. """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|value. """ pass def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value&self. """ pass def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return state information for pickling. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value|self. """ pass def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value-self. """ pass def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value^self. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ pass def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-value. """ pass def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^value. """ pass __hash__ = None
變量
聲明變量
#!/usr/bin/env python age=18 gender1=male gender2=female
變量作用：保存狀態（程序的運行本質是一系列狀態的變化，變量的目的就是用來保存狀態，變量值的變化就構成了程序運行的不同結果。）
例如：CS槍戰，一個人的生命可以表示爲life＝active表示存活，當滿足某種條件後修改變量life＝inactive表示死亡。