linux系統管理.使用磁盤配額

Ａ、磁盤配額作用限制普通用戶使用磁盤空間，不至於因爲個別人的浪費而影響到其它人的正常使用；

Ｂ、需要內核的支持；

Ｃ、只有Ext2/Ext3文件系統目前支持這種功能；

Ｄ、需要用戶程序quota軟件包.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　磁盤配額配置過程

１）、使用usrquota，grpquota選項掛載一個分區，激活內核的支持（只能在分區上做）

２）、方法：#mount –o usrquota,grpquota /dev/sdb1 /mnt/d1

或 mount –o remount,usrquota,grpquota / (因爲根目錄已經掛載過，可重新掛載)

３）、init 1 （進入單用戶環境來配置）

４）、quotacheck –cvuga 檢查並創建磁盤配額的數據庫文件（存放位置：在每一個分區的根目錄下面）

-c：創建create； –v：更詳細地表述；–u：用戶user；–g：組group；-a：所有all

５）、edquota –u <username>爲指定用戶分配磁盤空間和節點數量

６）、quota命令可以查看用戶的配額使用情況

如：[root@localhost root]# ls /mnt
cdrom floppy
[root@localhost root]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1/
mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)
mkfs.ext3: bad blocks count - /mnt/sd1/
[root@localhost root]# mkfs.ext3 -f /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1/
[root@localhost root]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 652 5237158+ 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 250 522 2192872+ 83 Linux

[root@localhost root]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
274176 inodes, 548218 blocks
27410 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
17 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16128 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 30 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost root]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1 -o usrquota,grpquota
[root@localhost root]# mount
/dev/sda1 on / type ext3 (rw)
none on /proc type proc (rw)
usbdevfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbdevfs (rw)
none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/sd1 type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
[root@localhost root]# more /etc/mtab
/dev/sda1 / ext3 rw 0 0
none /proc proc rw 0 0
usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs rw 0 0
none /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1 ext3 rw,usrquota,grpquota 0 0
[root@localhost root]# quotacheck –cvuga <-------
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sd1] done
quotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 files
[root@localhost root]# ls /mnt/sd1/
aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
aquota.group 和aquota.user兩個數據文件，用來分配組和用戶的配額情況。
[root@localhost root]# quotaon 或reboot或quotaon /dev/sdb1

[root@localhost root]# edquota -u redhat
Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/sdb1 125 10 0 80 0 10

注：blocks表示：塊的數量；inodes表示：節點的數量或建立文件的個數；

soft表示：軟限制，可以超過這個數值的設定，但是有天數限制；

hard表示：硬限制，這是一個任何時候也不能超過的數值，永遠不可能達到。

[root@localhost root]# \ls /mnt/sd1
aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
[root@localhost root]# mkdir /mnt/sd1/redhat
[root@localhost root]# chown redhat /mnt/sd1/redhat/
[root@localhost root]# su - redhat
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ pwd
/home/redhat
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ cd /mnt/sd1/redhat/
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ pwd
/mnt/sd1/redhat
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota
Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):
     Filesystem blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
      /dev/sdb1       4      10       0               1       0       9
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ ls -lh
total 8.0K
drwxrwxr-x    2 redhat   redhat       4.0K Mar 12 22:41 dir
drwxrwxr-x    2 redhat   redhat       4.0K Mar 12 22:41 dir1
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ ls -ld
drwxr-xr-x    4 redhat   root         4096 Mar 12 22:41 .
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=file1 bs=1k count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota -u redhat
Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):
     Filesystem blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
      /dev/sdb1    1040*     10       0   6days       4       0       9
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file1
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file2
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file3
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file4
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file5
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ ls
file1 file2 file3 file4 file5
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota -u redhat
Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):
     Filesystem blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
      /dev/sdb1    1032*     10       0   6days       6       0       9
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file6
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file7
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file8
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file9
sd(8,17): write failed, user file limit reached.
touch: creating `file9': Disk quota exceeded
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file10
touch: creating `file10': Disk quota exceeded
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota -u redhat
Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):
     Filesystem blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace
      /dev/sdb1    1032*     10       0   6days       9*      0       9

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/                 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
none                    /dev/pts                devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
none                    /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
/dev/cdrom              /mnt/cdrom              udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/fd0                /mnt/floppy             auto    noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
/dev/sdb5               /mnt/sdb5               ext3    defaults        0 0

[root@localhost root]# repquota -a
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/sdb1
Block grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7days
                        Block limits                File limits
User               used     soft    hard     grace        used soft hard grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
root        --     20         0       0                         2       0      0
redhat    +-    1032      10       0          7days       9       0      9

#quotaoff /mnt/sdb1

#edquota –u redhat

如果要永久用配額限制的話，可以手動編輯/etc/fstab 增加：

/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sb1 ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 0

保存退出！

取消磁盤配額的方法：

1）、使用命令quotaoff –a 關閉對應磁盤分區上的配額文件 2）、可編輯/etc/fstab文件 3）、刪除/mnt/sd1目錄下的aquota.usr、aquota.group兩個數據庫文件.