文章摘要 lnmp的搭建

1.爲什麼Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多?

這得益於Nginx使用了最新的epoll(Linux 2.6內核)和kqueue(freebsd)網絡I/O模型,而Apache則使用的是傳統的select模型。目前Linux下能夠承受高併發訪問的Squid、Memcached都採用的是epoll網絡I/O模型。

  處理大量的連接的讀寫,Apache所採用的select網絡I/O模型非常低效。下面用一個比喻來解析Apache採用的select模型和Nginx採用的epoll模型進行之間的區別:

  假設你在大學讀書,住的宿舍樓有很多間房間,你的朋友要來找你。select版宿管大媽就會帶着你的朋友挨個房間去找,直到找到你爲止。而epoll版宿管大媽會先記下每位同學的房間號,你的朋友來時,只需告訴你的朋友你住在哪個房間即可,不用親自帶着你的朋友滿大樓找人。如果來了10000個人,都要找自己住這棟樓的同學時,select版和epoll版宿管大媽,誰的效率更高,不言自明。同理,在高併發服務器中,輪詢I/O是最耗時間的操作之一,select和epoll的性能誰的性能更高,同樣十分明瞭。




2.lnmp環境的搭建

安裝步驟:

  (系統要求:Linux 2.6+ 內核,本文中的Linux操作系統爲CentOS 5.3,另在RedHat AS4上也安裝成功)


  一、獲取相關開源程序:

  1、【適用CentOS操作系統】利用CentOS Linux系統自帶的yum命令安裝、升級所需的程序庫(RedHat等其他Linux發行版可從安裝光盤中找到這些程序庫的RPM包,進行安裝):

sudo -s

LANG=C

yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers



  2、【適用RedHat操作系統】RedHat等其他Linux發行版可從安裝光盤中找到這些程序庫的RPM包(事先可通過類似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在,通常是“xxx-devel”不存在,需要安裝)。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安裝,以下是RPM包下載網址:

  ①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4

  http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/

  http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/


  ②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5

  http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/

  http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/


  ③、RPM包搜索網站

  http://rpm.pbone.net/

  http://www.rpmfind.net/


  ④、RedHat AS4 系統環境,通常情況下缺少的支持包安裝:

  Ⅰ、i386 系統

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm

rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm

rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm

rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm


  Ⅱ、x86_64 系統

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm

rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm

rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm

rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm



  3、【適用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系統】下載程序源碼包:

  本文中提到的所有開源軟件爲截止到2010年07月26日的最新穩定版。

  ①、從軟件的官方網站下載:

mkdir -p /data0/software

cd /data0/software

wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz

wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.14.tar.gz/from/this/mirror

wget http://php-fpm.org/downloads/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz

wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/

wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz

wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0"

wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0"

wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz

wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0"

wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz

wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.6.1/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2

wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz

wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.3.0.tgz


  ②、從blog.s135.com下載(比較穩定,只允許在本站,或者在Linux/Unix下通過Wget、Curl等命令下載以下軟件):

mkdir -p /data0/software

cd /data0/software

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.14.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.5.tgz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/imagick-2.3.0.tgz



  二、安裝PHP 5.2.14(FastCGI模式)

  1、編譯安裝PHP 5.2.14所需的支持庫:

tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz

cd libiconv-1.13.1/

./configure --prefix=/usr/local

make

make install

cd ../


tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz

cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/

./configure

make

make install

/sbin/ldconfig

cd libltdl/

./configure --enable-ltdl-install

make

make install

cd ../../


tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz

cd mhash-0.9.9.9/

./configure

make

make install

cd ../


ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1

ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config


tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz

cd mcrypt-2.6.8/

/sbin/ldconfig

./configure

make

make install

cd ../



  2、編譯安裝MySQL 5.5.3-m3

/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql

/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql

tar zxvf mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz

cd mysql-5.5.3-m3/

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=partition,innobase,myisammrg

make && make install

chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql

chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql

cd ../



  附:以下爲附加步驟,如果你想在這臺服務器上運行MySQL數據庫,則執行以下幾步。如果你只是希望讓PHP支持MySQL擴展庫,能夠連接其他服務器上的MySQL數據庫,那麼,以下兩步無需執行。


  ①、創建MySQL數據庫存放目錄

mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/data/

mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/

mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/

chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/



  ②、以mysql用戶帳號的身份建立數據表:

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/data0/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql



  ③、創建my.cnf配置文件:

vi /data0/mysql/3306/my.cnf


  輸入以下內容:

引用

[client]

character-set-server = utf8

port    = 3306

socket  = /tmp/mysql.sock


[mysqld]

character-set-server = utf8

replicate-ignore-db = mysql

replicate-ignore-db = test

replicate-ignore-db = information_schema

user    = mysql

port    = 3306

socket  = /tmp/mysql.sock

basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql

datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data

log-error = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log

pid-file = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql.pid

open_files_limit    = 10240

back_log = 600

max_connections = 5000

max_connect_errors = 6000

table_cache = 614

external-locking = FALSE

max_allowed_packet = 32M

sort_buffer_size = 1M

join_buffer_size = 1M

thread_cache_size = 300

#thread_concurrency = 8

query_cache_size = 512M

query_cache_limit = 2M

query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k

default-storage-engine = MyISAM

thread_stack = 192K

transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED

tmp_table_size = 246M

max_heap_table_size = 246M

long_query_time = 3

log-slave-updates

log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog

binlog_cache_size = 4M

binlog_format = MIXED

max_binlog_cache_size = 8M

max_binlog_size = 1G

relay-log-index = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog

relay-log-info-file = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog

relay-log = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog

expire_logs_days = 30

key_buffer_size = 256M

read_buffer_size = 1M

read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M

bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M

myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M

myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G

myisam_repair_threads = 1

myisam_recover


interactive_timeout = 120

wait_timeout = 120


skip-name-resolve

#master-connect-retry = 10

slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396


#master-host     =   192.168.1.2

#master-user     =   username

#master-password =   password

#master-port     =  3306


server-id = 1


innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M

innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M

innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend

innodb_file_io_threads = 4

innodb_thread_concurrency = 8

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2

innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M

innodb_log_file_size = 128M

innodb_log_files_in_group = 3

innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90

innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120

innodb_file_per_table = 0


#log-slow-queries = /data0/mysql/3306/slow.log

#long_query_time = 10


[mysqldump]

quick

max_allowed_packet = 32M



  ④、創建管理MySQL數據庫的shell腳本:

vi /data0/mysql/3306/mysql


  輸入以下內容(這裏的用戶名admin和密碼12345678接下來的步驟會創建):

#!/bin/sh


mysql_port=3306

mysql_username="admin"

mysql_password="12345678"


function_start_mysql()

{

   printf "Starting MySQL...\n"

   /bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &

}


function_stop_mysql()

{

   printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"

   /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown

}


function_restart_mysql()

{

   printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"

   function_stop_mysql

   sleep 5

   function_start_mysql

}


function_kill_mysql()

{

   kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')

   kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'libexec/mysqld' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')

}


if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then

   function_start_mysql

elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then

   function_stop_mysql

elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then

function_restart_mysql

elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then

function_kill_mysql

else

   printf "Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n"

fi


  ⑤、賦予shell腳本可執行權限:

chmod +x /data0/mysql/3306/mysql



  ⑥、啓動MySQL:

/data0/mysql/3306/mysql start



  ⑦、通過命令行登錄管理MySQL服務器(提示輸入密碼時直接回車):

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock



  ⑧、輸入以下SQL語句,創建一個具有root權限的用戶(admin)和密碼(12345678):

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';



  ⑨、(可選)停止MySQL:

/data0/mysql/3306/mysql stop



  3、編譯安裝PHP(FastCGI模式)

tar zxvf php-5.2.14.tar.gz

gzip -cd php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.14 -p1

cd php-5.2.14/

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap

make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'

make install

cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

cd ../



  4、編譯安裝PHP5擴展模塊

tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz

cd memcache-2.2.5/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config

make

make install

cd ../


tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2

cd eaccelerator-0.9.6.1/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config

make

make install

cd ../


tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz

cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql

make

make install

cd ../


tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz

cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/

./configure

make

make install

cd ../


tar zxvf imagick-2.3.0.tgz

cd imagick-2.3.0/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config

make

make install

cd ../



  5、修改php.ini文件

  手工修改:查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"

  修改爲extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"

  並在此行後增加以下幾行,然後保存:

  extension = "memcache.so"

  extension = "pdo_mysql.so"

  extension = "imagick.so"


  再查找output_buffering = Off

  修改爲output_buffering = On


  再查找; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0

  修改爲cgi.fix_pathinfo=0,防止Nginx文件類型錯誤解析漏洞。


  自動修改:若嫌手工修改麻煩,可執行以下shell命令,自動完成對php.ini文件的修改:

sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

sed -i "s#; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini



  6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP:

mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache

vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini


  按shift+g鍵跳到配置文件的最末尾,加上以下配置信息:

引用

[eaccelerator]

zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"

eaccelerator.shm_size="64"

eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"

eaccelerator.enable="1"

eaccelerator.optimizer="1"

eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"

eaccelerator.debug="0"

eaccelerator.filter=""

eaccelerator.shm_max="0"

eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600"

eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600"

eaccelerator.shm_only="0"

eaccelerator.compress="1"

eaccelerator.compress_level="9"




  7、創建www用戶和組,以及供blog.s135.com和www.s135.com兩個虛擬主機使用的目錄:

/usr/sbin/groupadd www

/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www

mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog

chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog

chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog

mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www

chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www

chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www



  8、創建php-fpm配置文件(php-fpm是爲PHP打的一個FastCGI管理補丁,可以平滑變更php.ini配置而無需重啓php-cgi):

  在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目錄中創建php-fpm.conf文件:

rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf

vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf


  輸入以下內容(如果您安裝 Nginx + PHP 用於程序調試,請將以下的<value name="display_errors">0</value>改爲<value name="display_errors">1</value>,以便顯示PHP錯誤信息,否則,Nginx 會報狀態爲500的空白錯誤頁):

<?xml version="1.0" ?>

<configuration>


 All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix


 <section name="global_options">


   Pid file

   <value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>


   Error log file

   <value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>


   Log level

   <value name="log_level">notice</value>


   When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...

   <value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value>


   ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.

   Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.

   <value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value>


   Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master

   <value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value>


   Set to 'no' to debug fpm

   <value name="daemonize">yes</value>


 </section>


 <workers>


   <section name="pool">


     Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.

     <value name="name">default</value>


     Address to accept fastcgi requests on.

     Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'

     <value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value>


     <value name="listen_options">


       Set listen(2) backlog

       <value name="backlog">-1</value>


       Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.

       In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.

       Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.

       <value name="owner"></value>

       <value name="group"></value>

       <value name="mode">0666</value>

     </value>


     Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.

     <value name="php_defines">

       <value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>

       <value name="display_errors">0</value>

     </value>


     Unix user of processes

     <value name="user">www</value>


     Unix group of processes

     <value name="group">www</value>


     Process manager settings

     <value name="pm">


       Sets style of controling worker process count.

       Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'

       <value name="style">static</value>


       Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.

       Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.

       Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi

       Used with any pm_style.

       <value name="max_children">128</value>


       Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style

       <value name="apache_like">


         Sets the number of server processes created on startup.

         Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected

         <value name="StartServers">20</value>


         Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.

         Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected

         <value name="MinSpareServers">5</value>


         Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.

         Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected

         <value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value>


       </value>


     </value>


     The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated

     Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason

     '0s' means 'off'

     <value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value>


     The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file

     '0s' means 'off'

     <value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value>


     The log file for slow requests

     <value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value>


     Set open file desc rlimit

     <value name="rlimit_files">65535</value>


     Set max core size rlimit

     <value name="rlimit_core">0</value>


     Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path

     <value name="chroot"></value>


     Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path

     <value name="chdir"></value>


     Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.

     If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs

     <value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value>


     How much requests each process should execute before respawn.

     Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.

     For endless request processing please specify 0

     Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS

     <value name="max_requests">1024</value>


     Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.

     Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)

     Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.

     <value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value>


     Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH

     All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment

     <value name="environment">

       <value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value>

       <value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>

       <value name="TMP">/tmp</value>

       <value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value>

       <value name="TEMP">/tmp</value>

       <value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value>

       <value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value>

       <value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value>

     </value>


   </section>


 </workers>


</configuration>

  9、啓動php-cgi進程,監聽127.0.0.1的9000端口,進程數爲128(如果服務器內存小於3GB,可以只開啓64個進程),用戶爲www:

ulimit -SHn 65535

/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start


  注:/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm還有其他參數,包括:start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate,修改php.ini後不重啓php-cgi,重新加載配置文件使用reload。



  三、安裝Nginx 0.8.46

  1、安裝Nginx所需的pcre庫:

tar zxvf pcre-8.10.tar.gz

cd pcre-8.10/

./configure

make && make install

cd ../



  2、安裝Nginx

tar zxvf nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz

cd nginx-0.8.46/

./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module

make && make install

cd ../



  3、創建Nginx日誌目錄

mkdir -p /data1/logs

chmod +w /data1/logs

chown -R www:www /data1/logs



  4、創建Nginx配置文件

  ①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目錄中創建nginx.conf文件:

rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf


  輸入以下內容:

引用

user  www www;


worker_processes 8;


error_log  /data1/logs/nginx_error.log  crit;


pid        /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;


#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.

worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;


events

{

 use epoll;

 worker_connections 65535;

}


http

{

 include       mime.types;

 default_type  application/octet-stream;


 #charset  gb2312;


 server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;

 client_header_buffer_size 32k;

 large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;

 client_max_body_size 8m;


 sendfile on;

 tcp_nopush     on;


 keepalive_timeout 60;


 tcp_nodelay on;


 fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;

 fastcgi_send_timeout 300;

 fastcgi_read_timeout 300;

 fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;

 fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;

 fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;

 fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;


 gzip on;

 gzip_min_length  1k;

 gzip_buffers     4 16k;

 gzip_http_version 1.0;

 gzip_comp_level 2;

 gzip_types       text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;

 gzip_vary on;


 #limit_zone  crawler  $binary_remote_addr  10m;


 server

 {

   listen       80;

   server_name  blog.s135.com;

   index index.html index.htm index.php;

   root  /data0/htdocs/blog;


   #limit_conn   crawler  20;    


   location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$

   {      

     #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;

     fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;

     fastcgi_index index.php;

     include fcgi.conf;

   }


   location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$

   {

     expires      30d;

   }


   location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$

   {

     expires      1h;

   }    


   log_format  access  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '

             '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

             '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';

   access_log  /data1/logs/access.log  access;

     }


 server

 {

   listen       80;

   server_name  www.s135.com;

   index index.html index.htm index.php;

   root  /data0/htdocs/www;


   location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$

   {      

     #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;

     fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;

     fastcgi_index index.php;

     include fcgi.conf;

   }


   log_format  wwwlogs  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '

              '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

              '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';

   access_log  /data1/logs/wwwlogs.log  wwwlogs;

 }


 server

 {

   listen  80;

   server_name  status.blog.s135.com;


   location / {

   stub_status on;

   access_log   off;

   }

 }

}



  ②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目錄中創建fcgi.conf文件:

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf


  輸入以下內容:

引用

fastcgi_param  GATEWAY_INTERFACE  CGI/1.1;

fastcgi_param  SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;


fastcgi_param  QUERY_STRING       $query_string;

fastcgi_param  REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;

fastcgi_param  CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;

fastcgi_param  CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;


fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;

fastcgi_param  REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;

fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;

fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;

fastcgi_param  SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;


fastcgi_param  REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;

fastcgi_param  REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;

fastcgi_param  SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;

fastcgi_param  SERVER_PORT        $server_port;

fastcgi_param  SERVER_NAME        $server_name;


# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect

fastcgi_param  REDIRECT_STATUS    200;



  5、啓動Nginx

ulimit -SHn 65535

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx



  四、配置開機自動啓動Nginx + PHP

vi /etc/rc.local


  在末尾增加以下內容:

引用

ulimit -SHn 65535

/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx



  五、優化Linux內核參數

vi /etc/sysctl.conf


  在末尾增加以下內容:

引用

# Add

net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536

net.core.netdev_max_backlog =  32768

net.core.somaxconn = 32768


net.core.wmem_default = 8388608

net.core.rmem_default = 8388608

net.core.rmem_max = 16777216

net.core.wmem_max = 16777216


net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0

net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2


net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1

#net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1

net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1


net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000

net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800


#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30

#net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120

net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024  65535



  使配置立即生效:

/sbin/sysctl -p



  六、在不停止Nginx服務的情況下平滑變更Nginx配置

  1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件後,請執行以下命令檢查配置文件是否正確:

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t


  如果屏幕顯示以下兩行信息,說明配置文件正確:

  the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

  the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully


  2、平滑重啓:

  ①、對於Nginx 0.8.x版本,現在平滑重啓Nginx配置非常簡單,執行以下命令即可:

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload



  ②、對於Nginx 0.8.x之前的版本,平滑重啓稍微麻煩一些,按照以下步驟進行即可。輸入以下命令查看Nginx主進程號:

ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'


  屏幕顯示的即爲Nginx主進程號,例如:

  6302

  這時,執行以下命令即可使修改過的Nginx配置文件生效:

kill -HUP 6302


  或者無需這麼麻煩,找到Nginx的Pid文件:

kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`



  七、編寫每天定時切割Nginx日誌的腳本

  1、創建腳本/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh


  輸入以下內容:

引用

#!/bin/bash

# This script run at 00:00


# The Nginx logs path

logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/"


mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/

mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log

kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`



  2、設置crontab,每天凌晨00:00切割nginx訪問日誌

crontab -e


  輸入以下內容:

引用

00 00 * * * /bin/bash  /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh



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