運維自動化之ANSIBLE（中級）

原創 IT_luo 2018-09-25 02:44

  上一篇簡單介紹ansible的一些基礎知識，這篇咱們來討論下ansible的基本使用，高級階段放到下一篇來說

Ansbile

ansible通過ssh實現配置管理、應用部署、任務執行等功能，建議配置ansible端能基於密鑰認證的方式聯繫各被管理節點
ansible <host-pattern> [-m module_name] [-a args]
  --version 顯示版本
  -m module 指定模塊，默認爲command
  -v 詳細過程 –vv -vvv更詳細
  --list-hosts 顯示主機列表，可簡寫 --list
  -k, --ask-pass 提示輸入ssh連接密碼，默認Key驗證
  -K, --ask-become-pass 提示輸入sudo時的口令
  -C, --check 檢查，並不執行
  -T, --timeout=TIMEOUT 執行命令的超時時間，默認10s
  -u, --user=REMOTE_USER 執行遠程執行的用戶
  -b, --become 代替舊版的sudo 切換

ansible的Host-pattern

ansible的Host-pattern
  匹配的主機的列表：
    All ：表示所有Inventory中的所有主機 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible all -m ping 
172.20.7.50 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.54 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.55 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

    * ： 通配符 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible "*" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com
172.20.7.54 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node4.dklwj.com
.....

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.* -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node3.dklwj.com
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com
....

[root@ansible ~]#ansible *srvs -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com
172.20.7.50 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible
....

    或關係 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible "websrvs:dbsrvs" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.54 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node4.dklwj.com
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node3.dklwj.com
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node7.dklwj.com

[root@ansible ~]#ansible "172.20.7.50:172.20.7.56" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.50 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com

邏輯與
  ansible “websrvs:&dbsrvs” –a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
  在websrvs組並且在dbsrvs組中的主機

cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[websrvs]
172.20.7.52
172.20.7.56
172.20.7.57
[dbsrvs]
172.20.7.53
172.20.7.54
172.20.7.52
[appsrvs]
172.20.7.50
172.20.7.55
"/etc/ansible/hosts" 54L, 1143C written                      
[root@ansible ~]#ansible "websrvs:&dbsrvs" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com

邏輯非
  ansible ‘websrvs:!dbsrvs’ –a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
  在websrvs組，但不在dbsrvs組中的主機
  注意：此處爲單引號 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 'websrvs:!dbsrvs' -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node7.dklwj.com
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com

綜合邏輯
  ansible ‘websrvs:dbsrvs:&appsrvs:!ftpsrvs’ –a 'echo $HOSTNAME'

cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[websrvs]
172.20.7.52
172.20.7.56
172.20.7.57
[dbsrvs]
172.20.7.53
172.20.7.54
172.20.7.52
[appsrvs]
172.20.7.50
172.20.7.52
172.20.7.55
[ftpsrvs]
172.20.7.50
172.20.7.55
"/etc/ansible/hosts" 58L, 1189C written                      
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 'websrvs:dbsrvs:&appsrvs:!ftpsrvs' -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com

ansible命令執行過程

ansible命令執行過程
  1. 加載自己的配置文件 默認/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  2. 加載自己對應的模塊文件，如command
  3. 通過ansible將模塊或命令生成對應的臨時py文件，並將該 文件傳輸至遠程服務器的對應執行用戶$HOME/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-數字/XXX.PY文件
  4. 給文件+x執行
  5. 執行並返回結果
  6. 刪除臨時py文件，sleep 0退出
執行狀態：
  ×××：執行成功並且對目標主機做變更
運維自動化之ANSIBLE（中級）
  綠色：執行成功並且不需要做改變的操作
運維自動化之ANSIBLE（中級）
  紅色：執行失敗
運維自動化之ANSIBLE（中級）

Ansible使用示例

基於一臺主機管理
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'ls /root'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
initial-setup-ks.cfg
Music
Pictures
Public
Templates
Videos

基於組的自動管理
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'ls /root'
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
install.log
install.log.syslog
Music
Pictures
Public
Templates
Videos

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
initial-setup-ks.cfg
Music
Pictures
Public
Templates
Videos

Ansible常用模塊

Command：
  在遠程主機執行命令，默認模塊，可忽略-m選項
    ansible websrvs -m command -a 'systemctl start httpd' 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'systemctl start httpd'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>

172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>

    ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'echo 123456 |passwd --stdin cobbler'不成功

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'echo 123456|passwd --stdin cobbler'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
123456|passwd --stdin cobbler

    此命令不支持 $VARNAME < > | ; & 等，用shell模塊實現
Shell：和command相似，用shell執行命令
  ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'echo 123456 |passwd --stdin cobbler' 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m shell -a 'echo 123456|passwd --stdin cobbler'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user cobbler.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

  調用bash執行命令 類似 cat /tmp/stanley.md | awk -F‘|’ ‘{print $1,$2}’ &> /tmp/example.txt 這些複雜命令，即使使用shell也可能會失敗，解決辦法：寫到腳本時，copy到遠程，執行，再把需要的結果拉回執行命令的機器
Script：運行腳本
  -a "/PATH/TO/SCRIPT_FILE"
  ansible websrvs -m script -a f1.sh

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m script -a f1.sh 
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 172.20.7.52 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 172.20.7.52 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "node2.dklwj.com\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "node2.dklwj.com"
    ]
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 172.20.7.56 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 172.20.7.56 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "node6.dklwj.com\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "node6.dklwj.com"
    ]
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 172.20.7.57 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 172.20.7.57 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "node7.dklwj.com\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "node7.dklwj.com"
    ]
}

Copy:從服務器複製文件到客戶端
  ansible 172.20.7.52 -m copy -a 'src=/root/f1.sh dest=/tmp/f2.sh owner=cobbler mode=600 backup=yes'
  如目標存在，默認覆蓋，此處指定先備份

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m copy -a 'src=/root/f1.sh dest=/tmp/f2.sh owner=cobbler mode=600 backup=yes'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "186e23e2c374f961aae6e4a876791f8ea3fa132a", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f2.sh", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0600", 
    "owner": "cobbler", 
    "path": "/tmp/f2.sh", 
    "size": 29, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 1002
}

  ansible websrv -m copy -a “content=‘test content\n’ dest=/tmp/f1.txt”
  利用內容，直接生成目標文件

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m copy -a 'content="line1\nline2" dest=/tmp/f1.txt'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "05eed6236c8bda5ecf7af09bae911f9d5f90998b", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f1.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "ee5a58024a155466b43bc559d953e018", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1537759297.03-108086848060144/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "05eed6236c8bda5ecf7af09bae911f9d5f90998b", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f1.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "ee5a58024a155466b43bc559d953e018", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1537759297.06-272258279616668/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "05eed6236c8bda5ecf7af09bae911f9d5f90998b", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f1.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "ee5a58024a155466b43bc559d953e018", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1537759297.04-113306386739819/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
#查看遠程主機是否成功
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -a 'cat /tmp/f1.txt'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
line1
line2
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
line1
line2
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
line1
line2

Fetch:從客戶端取文件至服務器端，copy相反，目錄可先tar 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m fetch -a 'src=/data/f1 dest=/data/'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/data/172.20.7.52/data/f1", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/data/172.20.7.56/data/f1", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/data/172.20.7.57/data/f1", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
# 查看server端，在這裏ansible做的還是可以的 怕傳過來的混淆，用客戶端的IP作爲文件夾以示區分。
[root@ansible ~]#ls /data/
172.20.7.52  172.20.7.56  172.20.7.57

File：設置文件屬性
  ansible 172.20.7.52 -m file -a "path=/root/f1.sh owner=cobbler mode=755"

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m file -a "path=/root/f1.sh owner=cobbler mode=755"
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0755", 
    "owner": "cobbler", 
    "path": "/root/f1.sh", 
    "size": 30, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 1002
}

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -a 'ls -l /root/f1.sh'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
-rwxr-xr-x 1 cobbler root 30 Sep 23 19:24 /root/f1.sh

  ansible websrvs -m file -a ‘src=/app/testfile dest=/app/testfile-link state=link’

# 在websrvs組中所有機器上創建軟連接
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m file -a 'src=/data/f1 dest=/data/f1-link state=link'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/f1-link", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 8, 
    "src": "/data/f1", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/f1-link", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 8, 
    "src": "/data/f1", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/f1-link", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 8, 
    "src": "/data/f1", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
# 查看結果
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -a 'ls -l /data'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 22 16:45 f1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Sep 24 12:57 f1-link -> /data/f1

172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Sep 22 16:45 f1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  8 Sep 24 12:57 f1-link -> /data/f1

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Sep 25 11:27 f1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  8 Sep 25 12:57 f1-link -> /data/f1

Hostname：管理主機名
  ansible node1 -m hostname -a “name=websrv” 

#把單獨一臺遠程主機修改主機名，這種修改是直接生效的如果是6系統的話連/etc/sysconfig/network裏面的都修改了
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m hostname -a 'name=ansible2'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_domain": "", 
        "ansible_fqdn": "ansible2", 
        "ansible_hostname": "ansible2", 
        "ansible_nodename": "ansible2"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "name": "ansible2"
}
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -a 'hostname'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible2

Cron：計劃任務
支持時間：minute，hour，day，month，weekday
  ansible srv -m cron -a “minute=*/5 job=‘/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.0.1 &>/dev/null’ name=Synctime” 創建任務 

# 給websrvs組中所有主機創建一個時間同步計劃，時間爲每5鍾同步一次
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m cron -a 'name="sync time from ntpserver" minute="*/5" job="ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null"'
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "sync time from ntpserver"
    ]
}
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "sync time from ntpserver"
    ]
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "sync time from ntpserver"
    ]
}
# 查看websrvs是否創建成功
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -a 'crontab -l'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: sync time from ntpserver
*/5 * * * * ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null

172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: sync time from ntpserver
*/5 * * * * ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: sync time from ntpserver
*/5 * * * * ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null

  ansible srv -m cron -a ‘state=absent name=Synctime’ 刪除任務

後續持續更新中ing.......

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