Linux環境中GitHub的配置與簡單使用教程

一.環境

1.1 操作系統（其他發行版亦可）：

[root@gysl ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core)

1.2 Git版本：

[root@gysl ~]# git --version
git version 1.8.3.1

二.步驟

2.1 下載並安裝Git軟件。

[root@gysl ~]# yum -y install git

2.2 創建SSH key。

[root@gysl ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 2048 -C "[email protected]"
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:QYCyVkZQyuMZFG4vH8ulyo7L4x5Jz1ewWhhD69mVhI8 [email protected]
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|  +*o.oo.        |
| +o.=....        |
|  BO .oo.        |
| o+=*E+. .       |
| o++o+..S        |
|. ++o=.          |
| o +=.           |
|.+...            |
|=*=              |
+----[SHA256]-----+

這裏簡單提一下ssh-keygen的幾個選項，-t指定加密算法，-b指定位數，-C可以理解爲註釋（comment)，隨意填寫，可以填寫爲管理員郵箱。連續按幾次enter鍵即可，其餘不必理會。

2.3 在GitHub的settings裏面添加剛剛創建的SSH key的公鑰。

[root@gysl /]# cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDjI58Vk8kCQqu6PPng8/bjkZY2JrsH/kExR9JpZ9I+i71H744Mpi7VnaBnbgye15ri4jG7DKFVMUKU7dflplL4+th90B2QIAEBKrXbIUV9LJH5InL/uJQ9+Gu7NK/vIboFhFLKgSzE3EU3p5SQcCNkGFL9ygQ18FPE2d2mwm+fOhNC73OrlADqZwLJ99wXKoH+3wX/b0l+NBsCE7usPE4bxQK6ZDWtjjvsQ2QWtlGO4ia7m3VdDmumV2byFEyeEpAN2dbMmlkVeix8+VmVNkPbJKkeSyjIXaJcjDJdyeqCcV0Kwx9jY+yU13LVZIBJ4wUBvtjO/u/RKDDsz1Ie+QrJ [email protected]

上一步連續按了幾次回車鍵，其實就是採用默認設置，默認情況下新生成的key位於~/.ssh/目錄下。把id_rsa.pub的內容添加到GitHub。具體步驟爲：settings(點擊右上角用戶頭像) -> SSH and GPG keys -> New SSH key -> ADD SSH key.Title隨便填，Key部分就是複製的內容。也可以在登陸後直接輸入以下地址：https://github.com/settings/ssh/new

2.4 測試一下是否添加成功。

[root@gysl /]# ssh -T [email protected]
The authenticity of host 'github.com (52.74.223.119)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:nThbg6kXUpJWGl7E1IGOCspRomTxdCARLviKw6E5SY8.
RSA key fingerprint is MD5:16:27:ac:a5:76:28:2d:36:63:1b:56:4d:eb:df:a6:48.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'github.com,52.74.223.119' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
Hi mrivandu! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.

此處需要輸入一個yes。出現以上內容，說明key已經添加成功。

2.5 Clone一個自己的倉庫試一下。

[root@gysl /]# git clone [email protected]:mrivandu/MyImageHostingService
正克隆到 'MyImageHostingService'...
Warning: Permanently added the RSA host key for IP address '13.229.188.59' to the list of known hosts.
remote: Enumerating objects: 31, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (31/31), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (27/27), done.
remote: Total 31 (delta 8), reused 15 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
接收對象中: 100% (31/31), 2.42 MiB | 563.00 KiB/s, done.
處理 delta 中: 100% (8/8), done.

Clone成功。

2.6 更新一個文件，並push。

[root@gysl MyImageHostingService]# git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
[root@gysl MyImageHostingService]# git mv 20181107200317.png Linux下GitHub快速配置並使用.png
[root@gysl MyImageHostingService]# git commit
[master 4d7f9a1] Rename  20181107200317.png -> "Linux\344\270\213GitHub\345\277\253\351\200\237\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\271\266\344\275\277\347\224\250.png"
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename 20181107200317.png => "Linux\344\270\213GitHub\345\277\253\351\200\237\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\271\266\344\275\277\347\224\250.png" (100%)
[root@gysl MyImageHostingService]# git push
Counting objects: 3, done.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 344 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 2 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
To [email protected]:mrivandu/MyImageHostingService
   8bf8dfe..4d7f9a1  master -> master

至此，全部操作完成。

2.7 拓展一下。我們已經把公鑰增添只GitHub，我們的私鑰能否保存到U盤隨身攜帶呢？答案是可以的。怎麼操作呢？請往下看。

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

這是與剛剛我們增添至GitHub配對的私鑰，我現在已經將~/.ssh目錄下及/tmp目錄下的內容全部清空。

[root@gysl ~]# ll .ssh/ /tmp/
.ssh/:
總用量 0
/tmp/:
總用量 0

再次測試一下：

[root@gysl ~]# ssh -T [email protected]
The authenticity of host 'github.com (13.229.188.59)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:nThbg6kXUpJWGl7E1IGOCspRomTxdCARLviKw6E5SY8.
RSA key fingerprint is MD5:16:27:ac:a5:76:28:2d:36:63:1b:56:4d:eb:df:a6:48.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'github.com,13.229.188.59' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
Permission denied (publickey).

此時已經可以確認連接我們的GitHub賬戶已經失敗。

[root@gysl ~]# echo '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
> MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEA4yOfFZPJAkKrujz54PP245GWNia7B/5BMUfSaWfSPou9R++O
> DKYu1Z2gZ24Mntea4uIxuwyhVTFClO3X5aZS+PrYfdAdkCABASq12yFFfSyR+SJy
> /7iUPfhruzSv7yG6BYRSyoEsxNxFN6eUkHAjZBhS/coENfBTxNndpsJvnzoTQu9z
> q5QA6mcCyffcFyqB/t8F/29JfjQbAhO7rDxOG8UCumQ1rY477ENkFrZRjuImu5t1
> XQ5rpldm8hRMnhKQDdnWzJpZFXosfPlZlTZD2ySpHksoyF2iXIwyXcnqgnFdCsMf
> Y2PslNdy1WSASeMFAb7Yzv7v0Sgw7M9SHvkKyQIDAQABAoIBADfbycKvrm484SiS
> 2EzHEn9SjWNR0QsdLwEkjY1Yd+7jxK/NLNzVfY0RD6KAAOCLW07Sm7JJX9+olpwz
> hbW3Wo5aeiUuqiaIiFa2HzT9kK5A6MEhBLD4vpQi5LOMOHwRikLTEN02OUFMfkU6
> lCGVQk7aYIaDSNfO+3rcrVLWXEcGtW7w7M116eWcZhYNjStO6yqv6vNpGQfAQVeD
> bKrd5pWwWXw9GEiIx98pbFWuZYl6zFyPzMOHu3bvBhEnV83FTUthmuG/bvmlINie
> OvRFFhllbeDUIkmWPlH7r/3pSUq+TCp205/mGJPJlH/upzUuazjqkgcd4Lcpb3sx
> 5XwI7qUCgYEA/tQyiZ5w1+bUQc4198T5ULLs3shi8AAvNrJBtmAF8YshkiuZ0dWH
> G2IwIWVU0fczXl/mV8fUcspwnB7c0Gxsj4qkcYYcvMp3eOumO+EptONWIn7C4tTj
> enaPnjJHshKwSSuhJYc2bJl+dvK5E5JiujlOXNilS06Iyq0kK8Zdpf8CgYEA5C7Y
> 7/xaRYBSAA0Ph1LHSZLNa2pByq7XbkhXwoRysnirtl+znsNQdNX6vm0p+xt3OTUP
> PD/XxzouKI2HHI4zs2bHMHS5Oh0axgdbOTzrZyvZh23dAwFNtt2FOlpoxXPwLLe9
> qwhrL2u5LAVv26b41AetITDqWN7nyavtR4M/nzcCgYEA6Cj0vfIuRlSTDjzLaCb5
> KO9J5BHWKWdRnFg8i+XhpFSoSh4U7lnF1EnZJaPG6d932kQue8yfndEXVPS9IdmV
> 8hRSiuavKcSfofe2pBkXwSfYomawMK3ZbQm1AGA4d2CVYKQyFRmhmMEiuUWbHdyg
> u55X6TirJveuok+pg4Qeb4sCgYEAySWy/vsJ6LKRlpHs2nHSU70hcEse7Djsl78V
> /dcb9NADLqV2hcHPLu9iNnOsyjsQAlIPuCDfajSTdBQuwrFoSgGUHdcHYX8+lsrt
> U6usKCqze3sRlRCVHVpxk1sXeNgXJJRkkly9f/QKLBAu5wZt2xtZNyUTsHvvAAyb
> AqtkbkkCgYADUHQadxHZxNhwHNW/yhfGxSU/lOm2CMM5AbMrmemPNxAafw5QYNUq
> iNA1pfQ0KJvciM0078lUEIrt4L3ehR85opLNIjeZ728V/r/OzZVS6TsxNy5ZXK2B
> 9fLSNix4p8BUMHxQ7ArQrOEWZMsrSqyZwjPLebhI87AaheIZzUvYMA==
> -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'>~/.ssh/id_rsa
[root@gysl ~]# chmod 600 .ssh/id_rsa
[root@gysl ~]# eval `ssh-agent`
Agent pid 4278
[root@gysl ~]# ssh-add .ssh/id_rsa
Identity added: .ssh/id_rsa (.ssh/id_rsa)

此步驟中需要注意的是，echo後面的引號不要用雙引號，私鑰的權限要求爲600，後面的兩條命令必不可少，不解釋！
再次測試一下：

[root@gysl ~]# ssh -T [email protected]
Hi mrivandu! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.

再次體會到成功的喜悅。以上內容是使用本人的GitHub賬戶親自實戰的，私鑰已刪除，請勿使用此私鑰嘗試連接本人GitHub倉庫。

三.總結

3.1 很久之前就在使用Github了，但是一直未能寫一片關於GitHub的使用教程。GitHub爲我們的coding工作帶來了極大便利，學會使用這個工具顯得格外重要。

3.2 本文僅僅介紹了Git在Linux環境下的主要配置方法，其他環境也大同小異。

3.3 文中涉及到的git命令的使用極爲簡單，如需進一步使用，還需要進行系統話的學習，此步驟可以參閱本文相關資料部分。

3.4 我的GitHub除了代碼託管之外，還被我當成了博客備份的地方及圖牀，一般人我都不告訴他。此處邪惡一笑~

四.相關資料

4.1 Github官方文檔

4.2 Git官方中文文檔