本文作者：陳進堅
博客地址：https://jian1098.github.io
CSDN博客：https://blog.csdn.net/c_jian
簡書：https://www.jianshu.com/u/8ba9ac5706b6
聯繫方式：[email protected]
安裝geth
jian@ubuntu:~$ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
jian@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get update
jian@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install ethereum
查看geth版本
jian@ubuntu:~$ geth version
WARN [12-20|00:00:20.173] Sanitizing cache to Go's GC limits provided=1024 updated=661
Geth
Version: 1.8.20-stable
Git Commit: 24d727b6d6e2c0cde222fa12155c4a6db5caaf2e
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [63 62]
Network Id: 1
Go Version: go1.10.4
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.10
創世區塊
新建ethereum文件夾,然後在ethereum文件夾中創建data文件夾（存儲區塊數據）和genesis.json文件，打開genesis.json文件將創世區塊代碼複製到文件中並保存
jian@ubuntu:~$ mkdir ethereum
jian@ubuntu:~$ cd ethereum/
jian@ubuntu:~/ethereum$ mkdir data
jian@ubuntu:~/ethereum$ vi genesis.json
創世區塊數據
{
"nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
"mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"difficulty": "0x400",
"alloc": {},
"coinbase": "0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333",
"timestamp": "0x0",
"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"extraData": "0x",
"gasLimit": "0x8000000",
"config": {}
}
參數說明
| 參數名 | 說明 |
|---|---|
| nonce | nonce就是一個64位隨機數，用於挖礦，注意他和mixhash的設置需要滿足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章節所描述的條件。 |
| difficulty | 設置當前區塊的難度，如果難度過大，cpu挖礦就很難，這裏設置較小難度 |
| alloc | 用來預置賬號以及賬號的以太幣數量，因爲私有鏈挖礦比較容易，所以我們不需要預置有幣的賬號，需要的時候自己創建即可以。 |
| coinbase | 礦工的賬號,任意填寫一個賬號即可。 |
| imestamp | 設置創世塊的時間戳 |
| parentHash | 上一個區塊的hash值，因爲是創世塊，所以這個值是0 |
| extraData | 附加信息，隨便填，可以填你的個性信息 |
| gasLimit | 該值設置對GAS的消耗總量限制，用來限制區塊能包含的交易信息總和，因爲我們是私有鏈，所以填最大。 |
| mixhash | 與nonce配合用於挖礦，由上一個區塊的一部分生成的hash。注意他和nonce的設置需要滿足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章節所描述的條件。. |
創建創世區塊
jian@ubuntu:~/ethereum$ geth --datadir data init genesis.json
WARN [12-20|00:01:37.255] Sanitizing cache to Go's GC limits provided=1024 updated=661
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.257] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.276] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/jian/ethereum/data/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.285] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.286] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=0 size=0.00B time=2.214µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.287] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=6231b0…a0300b
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.287] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/jian/ethereum/data/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.292] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.293] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=0 size=0.00B time=2.226µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [12-20|00:01:37.294] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=6231b0…a0300b
啓動私有鏈
jian@ubuntu:~/ethereum$ geth --port 3000 --networkid 15 --datadir="data" --maxpeers=3 --rpc --rpcport 8545 --rpcaddr 127.0.0.1 --rpccorsdomain "*" --rpcapi="db,eth,web3,personal,admin,txpool" console
啓動成功會進入js控制檯
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.8.20-stable-24d727b6/linux-amd64/go1.10.4
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
>
退出私有鏈只需要輸入exit即可，如果要讓另外一臺電腦訪問私有鏈，需要將 --rpcaddr 設置爲本機ip
創建錢包
在js控制檯輸入命令
> personal.newAccount('123456')
"0xee340225c3b9348847c828881a34ae3237e91456"
得到解鎖密碼爲123456，錢包地址爲"0xee340225c3b9348847c828881a34ae3237e91456"的以太坊錢包，第一個創建的錢包地址會自動作爲默認錢包，挖礦得到的ETH會存入默認錢包中，查看默認錢包：
> eth.coinbase
"0xee340225c3b9348847c828881a34ae3237e91456"
錢包列表
列出所有錢包
> eth.accounts
["0xee340225c3b9348847c828881a34ae3237e91456"]
查詢餘額
> eth.getBalance('0xee340225c3b9348847c828881a34ae3237e91456')
0
或者根據錢包列表的序號
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
0
如果是默認錢包還可以這樣
> eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase)
0
開啓挖礦
挖礦會生成區塊和執行交易，挖礦得到的ETH會存入默認錢包中，如果想修改默認錢包可以用以下命令
> miner.setEtherbase("0xa91Ae941e92eb6Fa78FE0d8215F01cbE6b7C014c")
開啓挖礦，1表示1個線程
> miner.start(1)
INFO [12-20|00:16:58.760] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=0 elapsed=4.311s
INFO [12-20|00:17:03.084] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=1 elapsed=8.635s
INFO [12-20|00:17:07.498] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=2 elapsed=13.049s
INFO [12-20|00:17:11.975] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=3 elapsed=17.526s
INFO [12-20|00:17:16.302] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=4 elapsed=21.853s
INFO [12-20|00:17:20.855] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=5
......
第一次啓動挖礦會先生成挖礦所需的DAG文件，這個過程有點慢，大概需要10分鐘，等到 percentage = 100後，就會開始挖礦，此時屏幕會被挖礦信息刷屏。看到類似下面的信息表示挖礦成功
INFO [12-20|00:42:41.957] 🔗 block reached canonical chain number=2 hash=9a053e…3b1a92
INFO [12-20|00:42:41.957] 🔨 mined potential block number=9 hash=3067bd…6eb8e3
INFO [12-20|00:42:41.978] Commit new mining work number=10 sealhash=3958ea…fc97b1 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=103.483µs
INFO [12-20|00:42:47.737] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=31 elapsed=17m30.277s
INFO [12-20|00:42:53.206] Successfully sealed new block number=10 sealhash=3958ea…fc97b1 hash=ae06e1…929511 elapsed=11.228s
INFO [12-20|00:42:53.207] 🔗 block reached canonical chain number=3 hash=c5335d…b00c0c
INFO [12-20|00:42:53.207] 🔨 mined potential block number=10 hash=ae06e1…929511
INFO [12-20|00:42:53.223] Commit new mining work number=11 sealhash=512ca2…b5efb9 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=92.66µs
......
此時新打開終端，用 geth attach 命令連接到js控制檯再查詢默認錢包餘額,發現已經有幣了
jian@ubuntu:~$ cd ~/ethereum/data
jian@ubuntu:~/ethereum/data$ geth attach ipc:geth.ipc
> eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase)
175000000000000000000
餘額的單位是GWEI,要轉爲ETH只要除以10的18次方即可，這裏的餘額爲175ETH
停止挖礦
> miner.stop()
區塊高度
區塊高度也叫區塊數量、最新區塊
> eth.blockNumber
186
解鎖錢包
以太坊錢包大概每5分鐘就會被鎖住，交易和創建合約都需要先解鎖,輸入下面的命令和錢包密碼即可解鎖
> personal.unlockAccount("0xee340225c3b9348847c828881a34ae3237e91456")
Unlock account 0xee340225c3b9348847c828881a34ae3237e91456
Passphrase:
true
發送交易
發送交易前請先解鎖轉出地錢包並啓動挖礦，然後使用eth.sendTransaction命令發送交易，下面的命令將從eth.accounts[0]轉5個ETH到eth.accounts[1]，也可以替換成具體的錢包地址：
> amount = web3.toWei(5,'ether')
"5000000000000000000"
> eth.sendTransaction({from:eth.accounts[0],to:eth.accounts[1],value:amount})
I0322 19:39:36.300675 internal/ethapi/api.go:1047] Tx(0x0c59f431068937cbe9e230483bc79f59bd7146edc8ff5ec37fea6710adcab825) to: 0x814d39aa21f3eed069f2b21da7b5f857f7343afa
"0x0c59f431068937cbe9e230483bc79f59bd7146edc8ff5ec37fea6710adcab825"
發送成功將返回交易哈希，等待挖礦執行交易，再查看餘額可以看到已經到賬
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]),'ether')
5
查詢交易
可以根據交易哈希查詢該交易的詳細信息
> eth.getTransaction("0x0c59f431068937cbe9e230483bc79f59bd7146edc8ff5ec37fea6710adcab825")
{
blockHash: "0xf5d3da50065ce5793c9571a031ad6fe5f1af326a3c4fb7ce16458f4d909c1613",
blockNumber: 33,
from: "0xc232e2add308136571bb8f9197ba4ae4e5ba9836",
gas: 90000,
gasPrice: 20000000000,
hash: "0x0c59f431068937cbe9e230483bc79f59bd7146edc8ff5ec37fea6710adcab825",
input: "0x",
nonce: 0,
r: "0x433fe5845391b6da3d8aa0d2b53674e09fb6126f0070a600686809b57e4ef77d",
s: "0x6b0086fb76c46024f849141074a5bc79c49d5f9a658fd0fedbbe354889c34d8d",
to: "0x814d39aa21f3eed069f2b21da7b5f857f7343afa",
transactionIndex: 0,
v: "0x1b",
value: 5000000000000000000
}
連接節點
如果局域網內有多個私有鏈節點，可以將這些節點連接起來組成鏈，這些節點會同步相同的區塊和交易，相當於小型的公鏈。但是要將這些節點連接起來需要滿足3個條件：
- 節點所在的機器，相互之間可以互聯互通網絡
- 有相同的創世區塊
- 在啓動私有鏈的geth命令中設置相同的networkid
假設有兩個節點：節點一（ubuntu端）和節點二（windows端），它們的geth啓動命令中的networkid都是1108，首先要知道節點二的enode信息，啓動節點二的私有鏈，在js console中執行下面的命令查看enode信息：
> admin.nodeInfo.enode
"enode://9e86289ea859ca041f235aed87a091d0cd594b377cbe13e1c5f5a08a8a280e62d4019ac54063ed6a1d0e3c3eaedad0b73c40b99a16a176993f0373ffe92be672@[::]:30304"
複製上面給出的信息添加到admin.Peer的參數中，注意要把enode中的[::]替換成節點二的IP地址。然後在節點一的js console中執行admin.addPeer()，就可以連接到節點二了
> admin.addPeer("enode://9e86289ea859ca041f235aed87a091d0cd594b377cbe13e1c5f5a08a8a280e62d4019ac54063ed6a1d0e3c3eaedad0b73c40b99a16a176993f0373ffe92be672@192.168.1.111:30304")
連接成功後，節點一和節點二就會開始同步的區塊，保證區塊數據一致。使用admin.peers命令可以查看當前網絡連接在一起的所有節點
> admin.peers
[{
caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63"],
id: "070b16d058df62a934bb1b9f6e216f6763d63c51011c559d0ad155ae428294c69aed1e35a46c36a6613989941b67b530ab92c7667bd63e7e8a7a5717a266751f",
name: "Geth/v1.8.12-stable/linux-amd64/go1.9.2",
network: {
inbound: true,
localAddress: "172.31.238.175:30303",
remoteAddress: "145.239.0.91:51238",
static: false,
trusted: false
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 8.379127609415399e+21,
head: "0x7ce58e50b8bc9af80c6900729801832ec9a5f86e549930e085f1a208dacf5608",
version: 63
}
}
}, {
caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63"],
id: "19211a5d0fbcabf5184e49639839bda772080cba500a4a0e9ced1f89c3a43fea1c00d4d8de5a463d6002bfa594e46e2c03611a6514117f1bd8c7e889bfb4ec7a",
name: "Geth/v1.8.18-unstable-126dfde6/linux-amd64/go1.9.4",
network: {
inbound: true,
localAddress: "172.31.238.175:30303",
remoteAddress: "120.78.87.202:53548",
static: false,
trusted: false
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 5.481064970682881e+21,
head: "0xdb982b1ff69083b090549c3809dd6b58f87ca50db97e0b4144aac9269ad198be",
version: 63
}
}
}]
參考文章
[1] https://my.oschina.net/u/2349981/blog/856956
[2] http://blog.csdn.net/u013096666/article/details/72639906