1. Cobbler介紹
Cobbler是一個Linux服務器安裝的服務，可以通過網絡啓動(PXE)的方式來快速安裝、重裝物理服務器和虛擬機，同時還可以管理DHCP，DNS等。
Cobbler可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基於Web的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，還提供了API接口，可以方便二次開發使用。
Cobbler是較早前的kickstart的升級版，優點是比較容易配置，還自帶web界面比較易於管理。
Cobbler內置了一個輕量級配置管理系統，但它也支持和其它配置管理系統集成，如Puppet，暫時不支持SaltStack。
Cobbler官網
1.1 Cobbler集成的服務
PXE服務支持
DHCP服務管理
DNS服務管理(可選bind,dnsmasq)
電源管理
Kickstart服務支持
YUM倉庫管理
TFTP(PXE啓動時需要)
Apache(提供kickstart的安裝源，並提供定製化的kickstart配置)
1.2 系統環境準備
[root@linux-node1 ~]# sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config [root@linux-node1 ~]# setenforce 0 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 6.7 (Final) [root@linux-node1 ~]# uname -r 2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64 [root@linux-node1 ~]# getenforce Disabled [root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/iptables status iptables: Firewall is not running. [root@linux-node1 ~]# ifconfig eth0|awk -F "[ :]+" 'NR==2 {print $4}' 10.0.0.7 [root@linux-node1 ~]# hostname linux-node1.example.com # 配置阿里雲的epel源 [root@linux-node1 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-6.repo [root@linux-node1 ~]# wget http://vault.centos.org/6.6/updates/x86_64/Packages/PyYAML-3.10-3.1.el6.x86_64.rpm [root@linux-node1 ~]# yum install PyYAML-3.10-3.1.el6.x86_64.rpm –y
2. Cobbler安裝配置
2.1 安裝Cobbler
[root@linux-node1 ~]# yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web dhcp tftp-server pykickstart httpd [root@linux-node1 ~]# rpm -ql cobbler # 查看安裝的文件，下面列出部分。 /etc/cobbler # 配置文件目錄 /etc/cobbler/settings # cobbler主配置文件，這個文件是YAML格式，Cobbler是python寫的程序。 /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # DHCP服務的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/tftpd.template # tftp服務的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/rsync.template # rsync服務的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/iso # iso模板配置文件目錄 /etc/cobbler/pxe # pxe模板文件目錄 /etc/cobbler/power # 電源的配置文件目錄 /etc/cobbler/users.conf # Web服務授權配置文件 /etc/cobbler/users.digest # 用於web訪問的用戶名密碼配置文件 /etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服務的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf # Cobbler模塊配置文件 /var/lib/cobbler # Cobbler數據目錄 /var/lib/cobbler/config # 配置文件 /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts # 默認存放kickstart文件 /var/lib/cobbler/loaders # 存放的各種引導程序 /var/www/cobbler # 系統安裝鏡像目錄 /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror # 導入的系統鏡像列表 /var/www/cobbler/images # 導入的系統鏡像啓動文件 /var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror # yum源存儲目錄 /var/log/cobbler # 日誌目錄 /var/log/cobbler/install.log # 客戶端系統安裝日誌 /var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log # cobbler日誌
2.2 配置Cobbler
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart 停止 httpd： [失敗] 正在啓動 httpd： [確定] [root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd start Starting cobbler daemon: [確定] [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler check # 檢查Cobbler的配置，如果看不到下面的結果，再次執行/etc/init.d/cobblerd restart The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix: 1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it. 2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network. 3 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements. 4 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/rsync 5 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories 6 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one 7 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes. # 看着上面的結果，一個一個解決。 # 第1、2、6個問題，順便修改其他功能 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cp /etc/cobbler/settings{,.ori} # 備份 # server，Cobbler服務器的IP。 sed -i 's/server: 127.0.0.1/server: 10.0.0.7/' /etc/cobbler/settings # next_server，如果用Cobbler管理DHCP，修改本項，作用不解釋，看kickstart。 sed -i 's/next_server: 127.0.0.1/next_server: 10.0.0.7/' /etc/cobbler/settings # 用Cobbler管理DHCP sed -i 's/manage_dhcp: 0/manage_dhcp: 1/' /etc/cobbler/settings # 防止循環裝系統，適用於服務器第一啓動項是PXE啓動。 sed -i 's/pxe_just_once: 0/pxe_just_once: 1/' /etc/cobbler/settings # 設置新裝系統的默認root密碼123456。下面的命令來源於提示6。random-phrase-here爲干擾碼，可以自行設定。 [root@linux-node1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt 'oldboy' '123456' $1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1 [root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings default_password_crypted: "$1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1" # 第3個問題 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders # 會自動從官網下載 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/ # 下載的內容 [root@linux-node1 loaders]# ls COPYING.elilo COPYING.yaboot grub-x86_64.efi menu.c32 README COPYING.syslinux elilo-ia64.efi grub-x86.efi pxelinux.0 yaboot # 第4個問題 [root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsync disable = no [root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/xinetd restart 停止 xinetd： [確定] 正在啓動 xinetd： [確定] [root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart Stopping cobbler daemon: [確定] Starting cobbler daemon: [確定] [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler check The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix: 1 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories # 和debian系統相關，不需要 2 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them # fence設備相關，不需要 Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
2.3 配置DHCP
# 修改cobbler的dhcp模版，不要直接修改dhcp本身的配置文件，因爲cobbler會覆蓋。[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # 僅列出修改過的字段 …… subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option routers 10.0.0.2; option domain-name-servers 10.0.0.2; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; range dynamic-bootp 10.0.0.100 10.0.0.200; ……
2.4 同步cobbler配置
# 同步最新cobbler配置，它會根據配置自動修改dhcp等服務。[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync # 同步所有配置，可以仔細看一下sync做了什麼。 task started: 2015-12-03_204822_sync task started (id=Sync, time=Thu Dec 3 20:48:22 2015) running pre-sync triggers cleaning trees removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images copying bootloaders trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0 copying: /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0 trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/menu.c32 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/menu.c32 trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/yaboot -> /var/lib/tftpboot/yaboot trying hardlink /usr/share/syslinux/memdisk -> /var/lib/tftpboot/memdisk trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi copying distros to tftpboot copying images generating PXE configuration files generating PXE menu structure rendering DHCP files generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf rendering TFTPD files generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp cleaning link caches running post-sync triggers running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/* running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services running: dhcpd -t -q received on stdout: received on stderr: running: service dhcpd restart received on stdout: 關閉 dhcpd：[確定] 正在啓動 dhcpd：[確定] received on stderr: running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/* running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/* running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/* *** TASK COMPLETE *** # 再看一下dhcp的配置文件。 [root@linux-node1 ~]# less /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf # ****************************************************************** # Cobbler managed dhcpd.conf file # generated from cobbler dhcp.conf template (Thu Dec 3 12:48:23 2015) # Do NOT make changes to /etc/dhcpd.conf. Instead, make your changes # in /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template, as /etc/dhcpd.conf will be # overwritten. # ****************************************************************** ddns-update-style interim; …………
2.5 開機啓動
# 啓動相關服務並設置開機啓動(可選) 與第二種方法二選一# chmod +x /etc/init.d/cobbler # chkconfig cobbler onchkconfig httpd on chkconfig xinetd on chkconfig cobblerd on chkconfig dhcpd on /etc/init.d/httpd restart /etc/init.d/xinetd restart /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart # 編寫Cobbler相關服務啓動腳本(可選) cat >>/etc/init.d/cobbler<<EOF #!/bin/bash # chkconfig: 345 80 90 # description:cobbler case \$1 in start) /etc/init.d/httpd start /etc/init.d/xinetd start /etc/init.d/dhcpd start /etc/init.d/cobblerd start ;; stop) /etc/init.d/httpd stop /etc/init.d/xinetd stop /etc/init.d/dhcpd stop /etc/init.d/cobblerd stop ;; restart) /etc/init.d/httpd restart /etc/init.d/xinetd restart /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart ;; status) /etc/init.d/httpd status /etc/init.d/xinetd status /etc/init.d/dhcpd status /etc/init.d/cobblerd status ;; sync) cobbler sync ;; *) echo "Input error,please in put 'start|stop|restart|status|sync'!" exit 2 ;; esac EOF
3. Cobbler的命令行管理
3.1 查看命令幫助
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler usage ===== cobbler <distro|profile|system|repo|image|mgmtclass|package|file> ... [add|edit|copy|getks*|list|remove|rename|report] [options|--help] cobbler <aclsetup|buildiso|import|list|replicate|report|reposync|sync|validateks|version|signature|get-loaders|hardlink> [options|--help] [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --help # 導入鏡像 Usage: cobbler [options] Options: -h, --help show this help message and exit --arch=ARCH OS architecture being imported --breed=BREED the breed being imported --os-version=OS_VERSION the version being imported --path=PATH local path or rsync location --name=NAME name, ex 'RHEL-5' --available-as=AVAILABLE_AS tree is here, don't mirror --kickstart=KICKSTART_FILE assign this kickstart file --rsync-flags=RSYNC_FLAGS pass additional flags to rsync cobbler check 覈對當前設置是否有問題 cobbler list 列出所有的cobbler元素 cobbler report 列出元素的詳細信息 cobbler sync 同步配置到數據目錄,更改配置最好都要執行下 cobbler reposync 同步yum倉庫 cobbler distro 查看導入的發行版系統信息 cobbler system 查看添加的系統信息 cobbler profile 查看配置信息
3.2 導入鏡像
[root@linux-node1 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/ # 掛載CentOS6的系統鏡像。 # 導入系統鏡像 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 --arch=x86_64 # --path 鏡像路徑 # --name 爲安裝源定義一個名字 # --arch 指定安裝源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的選項有: x86│x86_64│ia64 # 安裝源的唯一標示就是根據name參數來定義，本例導入成功後，安裝源的唯一標示就是：CentOS-6.6-x86_64，如果重複，系統會提示導入失敗。 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler distro list # 查看鏡像列表 CentOS-6.6-x86_64 # 鏡像存放目錄，cobbler會將鏡像中的所有安裝文件拷貝到本地一份，放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror下的CentOS-6.6-x86_64目錄下。因此/var/www/cobbler目錄必須具有足夠容納安裝文件的空間。 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/ [root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# ls CentOS-6.6-x86_64 config [root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# ls CentOS-6.6-x86_64/ CentOS_BuildTag GPL LiveOS RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 EFI images Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7 EULA isolinux repodata TRANS.TBL
3.3 指定ks.cfg文件及調整內核參數
# Cobbler的ks.cfg文件存放位置[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ [root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# ls # 自帶很多 default.ks install_profiles sample_autoyast.xml sample_esxi4.ks sample_old.seed esxi4-ks.cfg legacy.ks sample_end.ks（默認使用的ks文件） sample_esxi5.ks sample.seed esxi5-ks.cfg pxerescue.ks sample_esx4.ks sample.ks [root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# rz # 上傳準備好的ks文件 rz waiting to receive. Starting zmodem transfer. Press Ctrl+C to cancel. Transferring Cobbler-CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg... 100% 1 KB 1 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors [root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# mv Cobbler-CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg # 在第一次導入系統鏡像後，Cobbler會給鏡像指定一個默認的kickstart自動安裝文件在/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts下的sample_end.ks。 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler list distros: CentOS-6.6-x86_64 profiles: CentOS-6.6-x86_64 systems: repos: images: mgmtclasses: packages: files: # 查看安裝鏡像文件信息 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Name : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Architecture : x86_64 TFTP Boot Files : {} Breed : redhat Comment : Fetchable Files : {} Initrd : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img Kernel : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz Kernel Options : {} Kernel Options (Post Install) : {} Kickstart Metadata : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-6.6-x86_64'} Management Classes : [] OS Version : rhel7 Owners : ['admin'] Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>> Template Files : {} # 查看所有的profile設置 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report # 查看指定的profile設置 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Name : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 TFTP Boot Files : {} Comment : DHCP Tag : default Distribution : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Enable gPXE? : 0 Enable PXE Menu? : 1 Fetchable Files : {} Kernel Options : {} Kernel Options (Post Install) : {} Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks -->默認ks文件 Kickstart Metadata : {} Management Classes : [] Management Parameters : <<inherit>> Name Servers : [] Name Servers Search Path : [] Owners : ['admin'] Parent Profile : Internal proxy : Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>> Repos : [] Server Override : <<inherit>> Template Files : {} Virt Auto Boot : 1 Virt Bridge : xenbr0 Virt CPUs : 1 Virt Disk Driver Type : raw Virt File Size(GB) : 5 Virt Path : Virt RAM (MB) : 512 Virt Type : kvm # 編輯profile，修改關聯的ks文件 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg # 修改安裝系統的內核參數，在CentOS7系統有一個地方變了，就是網卡名變成eno16777736這種形式，但是爲了運維標準化，我們需要將它變成我們常用的eth0，因此使用下面的參數。但要注意是CentOS7才需要下面的步驟，CentOS6不需要。 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0' [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Name : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 TFTP Boot Files : {} Comment : DHCP Tag : default Distribution : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Enable gPXE? : 0 Enable PXE Menu? : 1 Fetchable Files : {} Kernel Options : {'biosdevname': '0', 'net.ifnames': '0'} Kernel Options (Post Install) : {} Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg Kickstart Metadata : {} Management Classes : [] Management Parameters : <<inherit>> Name Servers : [] Name Servers Search Path : [] Owners : ['admin'] Parent Profile : Internal proxy : Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>> Repos : [] Server Override : <<inherit>> Template Files : {} Virt Auto Boot : 1 Virt Bridge : xenbr0 Virt CPUs : 1 Virt Disk Driver Type : raw Virt File Size(GB) : 5 Virt Path : Virt RAM (MB) : 512 Virt Type : kvm # 每次修改完都要同步一次 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync
3.4 安裝系統
4. ks.cfg文件簡析
install url --url=$tree # 這些$開頭的變量都是調用配置文件裏的值。 text lang en_US.UTF-8 keyboard us zerombr bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet" # Network information ##$SNIPPET變量默認是cobbler主機/var/lib/cobbler/snippets,參數即爲目錄下對應的文件. $SNIPPET('network_config') timezone --utc Asia/Shanghai authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512 rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted clearpart --all --initlabel part /boot --fstype ext4 --size 1024 # CentOS7系統磁盤默認格式xfs part swap --size 1024 part / --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow firstboot --disable selinux --disabled firewall --disabled logging --level=info reboot %pre $SNIPPET('log_ks_pre') $SNIPPET('kickstart_start') $SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config') # Enable installation monitoring $SNIPPET('pre_anamon') %end %packages @base @compat-libraries @debugging @development tree nmap sysstat lrzsz dos2unix telnet iptraf ncurses-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel OpenIPMI-tools screen %end %post %end