MySQL 5.5.x 單機多實例配置實踐

本文來至：http://heylinux.com/archives/1689.html

背景/需求：
在一臺服務器上通過源碼編譯安裝一個版本爲5.5以上的MySQL數據庫；
將所有配置文件與數據等均存放在/opt/mysql，便於今後實現快速遷移、整體備份和快速複製；
在同一個MySQL中運行兩個實例，一個綁定在端口3306，另一個綁定在端口3307；
綁定在3306端口的實例，不開啓binlog，數據存放在/opt/mysql/data；
綁定在3307端口的實例，開啓binlog，數據存放在/opt/mysql/data2；
兩個實例均採用InnoDB作爲默認的存儲引擎，字符編碼採用UTF-8；
兩個實例均採用相同的性能優化配置參數；

實踐/方案：
在編譯安裝時，將數據庫的配置文件my.cnf以及data目錄等均指向到/opt/mysql目錄；
通過mysqld_multi的方式來管理兩個不同的實例，採用相同的配置文件共享性能優化配置參數；
在同一個配置文件中，利用[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]標籤實現不同實例的差異化配置；

配置步驟：
一、編譯安裝MySQL
1.安裝cmake
MySQL從5.5版本開始，通過./configure進行編譯配置方式已經被取消，取而代之的是cmake工具。
因此，我們首先要在系統中源碼編譯安裝cmake工具。
# wget http://www.cmake.org/files/v2.8/cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz

# tar zxvf cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz

# cd cmake-2.8.4

# ./configure
# make
# make install

2.確保以下所需系統軟件包已經被安裝
通過 rpm -qa | grep name 的方式驗證以下軟件包是否已全部安裝。

gcc* gcc-c++* autoconf* automake* zlib* libxml* ncurses-devel* libgcrypt* libtool*

如果缺少相關的軟件包，可通過yum -y install 的方式在線安裝，或直接從系統安裝光盤中找到並通過rpm -ivh 的方式安裝。

3. 安裝前的系統設置
建立mysql安裝目錄及數據存放目錄
# mkdir /opt/mysql
# mkdir /opt/mysql/data

創建用戶和用戶組
# groupadd mysql
# useradd -g mysql mysql

賦予數據存放目錄權限
# chown mysql:mysql -R /opt/mysql/data

4.開始編譯安裝 MySQL
通過http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql官方網址或國內的sohu鏡像下載軟件包，如目前最新的MySQL 5.5.20。
# wget http://mirrors.sohu.com/mysql/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.20.tar.gz

# tar zxvf mysql-5.5.20.tar.gz

# cd mysql-5.5.20
# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/mysql \
-DSYSCONFDIR=/opt/mysql/etc \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/opt/mysql/data \
-DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysqld.sock \
-DMYSQL_USER=mysql \
-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_READLINE=1 \
-DWITH_SSL=system \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1

# make
# make install

在make與make install的時候可以看到進度百分比，感覺這一點要比configure方式要好。

二、創建支持多實例的配置文件
進入MySQL主目錄
# cd /opt/mysql/

刪除默認的data目錄
# rm -rf data

創建需要的目錄
# mkdir etc tmp run log binlogs data data2
# chown -R mysql:mysql tmp run log binlogs data data2

創建my.cnf配置文件
# vim etc/my.cnf

001
## This server may run 2+ separate instances 

002
## So we use mysqld_multi to manage their services 

003
[mysqld_multi] 

004
mysqld = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe 

005
mysqladmin = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin 

006
log = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld_multi.log 

007
user = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin 

008
#password =  

009
  
010
## This is the general purpose database 

011
## The locations are default 

012
# They are left in [mysqld] in case the server is started normally instead of by mysqld_multi 

013
[mysqld1] 

014
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock 

015
port = 3306 

016
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid 

017
datadir = /opt/mysql/data 

018
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english 

019
  
020
## These support master - master replication 

021
#auto-increment-increment = 4 

022
#auto-increment-offset = 1  ## Since it is master 1 

023
#log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1 

024
#log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1.index 

025
#binlog-do-db = ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave 

026
#max_binlog_size = 1024M 

027
  
028
## This is exlusively for mysqld2 

029
## It is on 3307 with data directory /opt/mysqld/data2 

030
[mysqld2] 

031
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock2 

032
port = 3307 

033
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid2 

034
datadir = /opt/mysql/data2 

035
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english 

036
  
037
## Disable DNS lookups 

038
#skip-name-resolve 

039
  
040
## These support master - slave replication 

041
log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2 

042
log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2.index 

043
#binlog-do-db =  ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave 

044
max_binlog_size = 1024M 

045
  
046
## Relay log settings 

047
#relay-log = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2 

048
#relay-log-index = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2.index 

049
#relay-log-space-limit = 4G 

050
  
051
## Slow query log settings 

052
#log-slow-queries = /opt/mysql/log/slow-log-mysqld2 

053
#long_query_time = 2 

054
#log-queries-not-using-indexes 

055
  
056
## The rest of the my.cnf is shared 

057
## Here follows entries for some specific programs 

058
## The MySQL server 

059
[mysqld] 

060
basedir = /opt/mysql 

061
tmpdir = /opt/mysql/tmp 

062
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock 

063
port = 3306 

064
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid 

065
datadir = /opt/mysql/data 

066
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english 

067
  
068
skip-external-locking 

069
key_buffer_size = 16K 

070
max_allowed_packet = 1M 

071
table_open_cache = 4 

072
sort_buffer_size = 64K 

073
read_buffer_size = 256K 

074
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K 

075
net_buffer_length = 2K 

076
thread_stack = 128K 

077
  
078
## Increase the max connections 

079
max_connections = 200 

080
  
081
## The expiration time for logs, including binlogs 

082
expire_logs_days = 14 

083
  
084
## Set the character as utf8 

085
character-set-server = utf8 

086
collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci 

087
  
088
## This is usually only needed when setting up chained replication 

089
#log-slave-updates 

090
  
091
## Enable this to make replication more resilient against server crashes and restarts 

092
## but can cause higher I/O on the server 

093
#sync_binlog = 1 

094
  
095
## The server id, should be unique in same network 

096
server-id = 1 

097
  
098
## Set this to force MySQL to use a particular engine/table-type for new tables 

099
## This setting can still be overridden by specifying the engine explicitly 

100
## in the CREATE TABLE statement 

101
default-storage-engine = INNODB 

102
  
103
## Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables 

104
#innodb_data_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data 

105
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend 

106
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data 

107
## You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 % of RAM 

108
## but beware of setting memory usage too high 

109
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M 

110
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M 

111
## Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size 

112
innodb_log_file_size = 5M 

113
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M 

114
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1 

115
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50 

116
  
117
[mysqldump] 

118
quick 

119
max_allowed_packet = 16M 

120
  
121
[mysql] 

122
no-auto-rehash 

123
  
124
[myisamchk] 

125
key_buffer_size = 8M 

126
sort_buffer_size = 8M 

127
  
128
[mysqlhotcopy] 

129
interactive-timeout 

130
  
131
[mysql.server] 

132
user = mysql 

133
  
134
[mysqld_safe] 

135
log-error = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld.log 

136
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid 

137
open-files-limit = 8192 

138
  
139
[client] 

140
default-character-set = utf8

修改my.cnf讀寫權限，避免普通用戶獲取到MySQL密碼
# chown -R root:root /opt/mysql/etc
# chmod 600 /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

三、初始化數據庫
切換到mysql用戶
# su - mysql

進入MySQL主目錄
# cd /opt/mysql/

初始化實例[mysqld1]
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data/

初始化實例[mysqld2]
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data2/

返回到root
# exit

創建mysqld_multi.server腳本
# cp support-files/mysqld_multi.server /opt/mysql/init.d/

# vim /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server

01
#!/bin/sh 

02
# 

03
# A simple startup script for mysqld_multi by Tim Smith and Jani Tolonen. 

04
# This script assumes that my.cnf file exists either in /etc/my.cnf or 

05
# /root/.my.cnf and has groups [mysqld_multi] and [mysqldN]. See the 

06
# mysqld_multi documentation for detailed instructions. 

07
# 

08
# This script can be used as /etc/init.d/mysql.server 

09
# 

10
# Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux 

11
# chkconfig: 2345 64 36 

12
# description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine. 

13
# 

14
# Version 1.0 

15
# 

16
basedir=/opt/mysql 

17
bindir=/opt/mysql/bin 

18
  
19
conf=/opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf 

20
export PATH=$PATH:$bindir 

21
  
22
if test -x $bindir/mysqld_multi 

23
then

24
  mysqld_multi="$bindir/mysqld_multi"; 

25
else

26
  echo "Can't execute $bindir/mysqld_multi from dir $basedir"; 

27
  exit; 

28
fi

29
  
30
case "$1" in

31
    'start' ) 

32
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2 

33
        ;; 

34
    'stop' ) 

35
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2 

36
        ;; 

37
    'report' ) 

38
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf report $2 

39
        ;; 

40
    'restart' ) 

41
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2 

42
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2 

43
        ;; 

44
    *) 

45
        echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|report|restart}" >&2 

46
        ;; 

47
esac

四、整體備份MySQL
# cd /opt/
# tar czvf mysql_5.5.20_full.tar.gz mysql/

備份完成後，直接將mysql_5.5.20_full.tar.gz拿到其他服務器上，解壓後便可以直接啓用。

五、管理MySQL實例
同時啓動/關閉實例 [mysqld1] 與 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1,2

然後，可以看到兩個MySQL實例都已經成功的啓動了。
# netstat -lntp | grep mysqld

`1`	`tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2850/mysqld`

`2`	`tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3307 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2946/mysqld`

同時關閉實例 [mysqld1] 與 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1,2

僅啓動/關閉實例[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1

六、登陸MySQL實例
在啓動了實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]後，通過以下方式登陸不同的實例：

登陸[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -p

登陸[mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -p

七、其他初始化設置
1. 爲MySQL的root帳戶設置初始密碼
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 password 'new-password'
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 password 'new-password'

2. 修改my.cnf配置文件中MySQL的root賬戶密碼
# vim /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

`1`	`user = root` `## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin`

`2`	`password = new-password`

3. 刪除匿名連接的空密碼帳號
分別登陸實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]，執行以下命令：
mysql>use mysql; //選擇系統數據庫mysql
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; //查看所有用戶
mysql>delete from user where password="";
mysql>flush privileges; //刷新權限
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; //確認密碼爲空的用戶是否已全部刪除
mysql>exit;

八、經驗總結
1.採用源碼編譯安裝MySQL，可能在第一次會花費較多的時間，但卻是非常值得的，因爲我們可以自己組織所有MySQL相關文件的位置；並且經過源碼編譯安裝後的MySQL，可以直接複製到其它服務器上運行，大大方便了我們今後的遷移、備份和新服務器的配置；

2.本文中僅僅用了兩個實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]來舉例，實際上我們可以通過這樣的方式，實現[mysqld3],[mysqld4],[mysqld5]...等更多的實例；

3.MySQL自帶了幾個不同的配置文件，放置在/opt/mysql/support-files目錄下，分別是my-huge.cnf,my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf,my-large.cnf,my-medium.cnf,my-small.cnf，通過名稱我們可以很直觀的瞭解到他們是針對不同的服務器配置的，本文中僅有的一點關於InnoDB的配置，是取自於my-small.cnf的，因爲我是在虛擬機上進行的設置；在生產環境中，我們可以通過參考my-huge.cnf或my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf中的部分參數配置，來對服務器進行優化；

4.關於MySQL緩存參數的優化，主要用於提升I/O能力，可以參考這裏：http://heylinux.com/archives/1389.html

5.在單機運行多實例的情況下，切忌使用 mysql -hlocalhost 或直接忽略-h參數登陸服務器，這應該算是MySQL的一個bug，就是如果使用localhost或忽略-h參數，而不是指定127.0.0.1的話，即使選擇的端口是3307，還是會登陸到3306中去，因此應儘量避免這種混亂的產生，統一用127.0.0.1綁定端口或採用socket 來登陸；

MySQL 5.5.x 單機多實例配置實踐

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