錯誤描述：
RMAN-04014: startup failed: ORA-04031: unable to allocate 1048608 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","unknown object","sga heap(1,0)","row cache")
問題原因：RMAN-03002：在07/08/2010 20:45:19啓動命令失敗
RMAN-04014：啓動失敗：ORA-04031：無法分配1048608字節的共享內存（“共享池”，“未知對象”，“sga堆（1,0）”，“KEWS sesstat值”）
原因
RMAN無法在沒有pfile的情況下啓動虛擬實例。
用於虛擬實例的默認值內存不足以啓動實例。
這在Bug 9680987中報告 - RMAN無法啓動數據庫而沒有參數文件
rman啓動僞實例的時候出現如下錯誤解決方案,這個再11.2.3.0版本中出現這個問題11.2.4.0中沒發現，可能是oracle 的bug,：
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production on Wed Mar 13 14:30:16 2019
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database (not started)
RMAN> startup nomount;
startup failed: ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl.ora'
starting Oracle instance without parameter file for retrieval of spfile
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of startup command at 03/13/2019 14:30:23
RMAN-04014: startup failed: ORA-04031: unable to allocate 1048608 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","unknown object","sga heap(1,0)","row cache")
問題原因：RMAN-03002：在07/08/2010 20:45:19啓動命令失敗
RMAN-04014：啓動失敗：ORA-04031：無法分配1048608字節的共享內存（“共享池”，“未知對象”，“sga堆（1,0）”，“KEWS sesstat值”）
原因
RMAN無法在沒有pfile的情況下啓動虛擬實例。
用於虛擬實例的默認值內存不足以啓動實例。
這在Bug 9680987中報告 - RMAN無法啓動數據庫而沒有參數文件
如果出現如上問題的解決方案：
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ export ORA_RMAN_SGA_TARGET=350 --設置僞實例啓動的可以用內存
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ export ORACLE_SID=orcl
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production on Wed Mar 13 14:37:32 2019
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database (not started)
RMAN> startup nomount;
startup failed: ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl.ora'
starting Oracle instance without parameter file for retrieval of spfile
Oracle instance started
Total System Global Area 367439872 bytes
Fixed Size 2228464 bytes
Variable Size 180358928 bytes
Database Buffers 180355072 bytes
Redo Buffers 4497408 bytes