判斷題
T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline,
its history is only about fifty years. 作爲一種現象， 跨文化傳播已經存在了數千年。 然而， 作爲一門學科， 它的歷史只有大約五十年。
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交際是歐洲第一門學科
F 3 Culture is a static entity 靜態的 實體 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一個靜態的實體 而溝通是一個動態的過程
T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given約定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一種共享的知識，人們需要知道的是在一個特定的文化中扮演適當的行爲
T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.認識、 認知文化刻板印象雖有其侷限性， 但仍有助於人的文化認知。
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交際中， 我們要把自己的個性和文化的泛化分開。
T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. 文化錯誤比語言錯誤更嚴重。 語言錯誤意味着有人不能充分表達自己的想法， 而文化上的錯誤會導致嚴重的誤解， 甚至個人之間的不適感
F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. 所有同一民族的人都會有相同的文化
T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 雖然兩國文化有着相同的想法， 但它們的意義和意義可能不一樣
F 10 One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture. 個人的行爲完全獨立於他或她的文化
II Comprehension Check
T 1、 All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.
所有的文化都需要和價值的禮貌， 但禮貌的方式可能會有所不同
T_2、 Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“錯誤”的形式來攻擊， 這是很難得的進攻
T_3、 Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, ”Brown” by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise.
解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”， “棕色”由中國可能是一種文化妥協的形式。
T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校， 上校， 上校， 可以用作頭銜
F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。
F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我們可以解決傑森道格拉斯， 他是個律師， 律師道格拉斯。
F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中國人對西方人的熱情好客是非常讚賞的。
F_8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 西方人對中國人的關注往往受到西方人的讚賞。
F_9.”Thank you for coming!” is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 謝謝你的到來！ “當客人剛到的時候， 這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達形式。
T_10.”I’m sorry to have wasted your time” or “I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually
appropriate for the business visit. 我很抱歉浪費了你的時間”或者“我很抱歉佔用了你這麼多時間”， 通常都是適合商務拜訪的。
III Comprehension Check
T 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 有時， 中國人表現出謙虛的方式可以被視爲對讚美的讚美
T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same. 漢語和英語的社會功能大致相同。
T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable. 在非正式場合，大量的讚美是讓人感到舒服的
F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. 文化的假設是文化的相同的。
T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 形容詞和動詞常被用來傳遞英語中的恭維話， 而形容詞、 副詞和動詞常被用在漢語裏。
F 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”.英語的讚美常以“你”一詞開頭， 而中國人的讚美常以“我”一詞開頭
F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 在日 常生活中， 中國人比美國人更爲讚美。
F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments responses. 美國人往往自謙在稱讚別人的反應。
F 9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 對他人財物的讚美有時是美國文化中的一種間接的方式
T 10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest. 如果一個客人在別人家裏讚美別人的話， 中國主人或女主人很可能會把這件事告訴客人。
IV Comprehension Check
F 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. 言語交際比非語言交際更爲重要
F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龍” to the Chinese. “龍”是指同爲西方人的“龍”到中國。
F 3The Chinese phrase “知識分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”. 中國“知識分子”具有相同的含義是“知識
T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在一種語言中的一個術語在另一種語言中可能沒有對等詞
F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language. 在談到動物和鳥類， 中國的做法是通常， 但不總是， 用“公”或“母”來表明該生物是否是男性或女性。 這與英語是一樣的。
T 6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean
“副” in Chinese language. 以下六個英文單詞： “副”、 “聯想”、 “助理”、 “副”、 “中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語中
F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs. 有許多相似之處， 英語諺語和漢語諺語的異同。
T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 違反文化禁忌的是嚴重違背了言語禁忌
T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思維方式隨文化而變化。
T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantly
factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately
intuitive-affective.
在每一個特定的思維模式主導文化的 T10， 例如美國文化主要是事實的歸納， 俄羅斯文化主要是公理化演繹， 和阿拉伯文化以直觀的情感。
V Comprehension Check
T1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others. 說只是一種交流方式。 還有許多人
F2 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means. 一些研究者斷言， 在面對面的交流中， 約有 70%的信息是通過說話， 而超過 30%則是通過非語言方式發送的
T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers. 環境是非語言交際的五個研究領域之一
T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 我們大部分的非語言行爲， 如文化， 往往難以實現， 自發的， 往往超越我們的認識
F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲， 非洲， 阿拉伯和大多數亞洲文化是單一的文化。
T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯屬於艱難的文化
T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在一些文化中， 爲了表示尊重或服從， 應該避免使用目 光接觸
T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身體接觸的適宜性因不同的文化而不同
F9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children. 西方婦女通常喜歡中國人接觸他們的身體或小孩。
F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than thoseseated or standing beside them. 座位安排體現文化。 中國人傾向於和他們說話， 而不是坐在他們旁邊的人
VI Comprehension Check
F1.Gender is the cultural meaning of “sex”. 性別是“性”的文化內涵
F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同義的性別和性別是同義詞
T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性， 男性或兩者的結合
T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men
are reserved about involvement and disclosure. 女性一般舒適與建築密切關係和信任別人， 而大多數人都保留對參與和披露。
F5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people. 大多數人用溝通來建立聯繫或平等的人
F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power. 女性通常使用溝通來確立地位和權力
T7.In feminine culture, communication is a way—probably the primary way—to express and expand closeness.
在女性文化中， 傳播是表達和擴大親密關係的主要途徑。
T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness. 男性社會化強調做事情， 把行動視爲創造和表達親密的主要方式。
T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment. 有效的跨性別傳播的第一個和最後一個主要是中止判斷。
T10.It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication. 這是困難的， 但可能尋求翻譯線索， 將有利於我們的溝通。
T1.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making. 最常見的問題， 在跨文化談判的關注（ 1） 的規則，進行業務，（ 2） 的選擇， 談判， 和（ 3） 決策方法。
T2.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. 日 本人認爲， 社交是談判過程中不可或缺的一部分， 而美國人卻不這麼認爲
F3.American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status.
美國談判團隊成員通常在他們的社會和職業地位的基礎上
F4.Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France. 與日 本和中國的談判人員一樣， 在中東、 墨西哥和法國的談判進程中， 有一個詳細的書面協議是不一樣的。
T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian. 英國人採用了類似於美國人的談判風格， 但更多的是利用沉默， 他們也不太平等。
T6.Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德國人喜歡明確的， 堅定的， 和 assertire 表達而日 本鼓勵轉換、 碎片化的表達
T7.Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition.
墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。 更強調的是沉思和直覺。
F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing. 在正式談判中， 巴西人不會公開地不同意， 他們會考慮這種侮辱和尷尬。
T9.Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 創造一個舒適的氣候和花費時間在談判的探索階段是至關重要的中東和巴西。
F10.Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team. 女性經常參加一個日 本談判小組。
名詞解釋
1 economic globalization(經濟全球化）： the integration of national economies into the international economy
through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2 barter system(物物交換）： exchange without money
– Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the
medium of money.
– Human society has always traded goods across great distances.
3 global village(地球村）： the world form one community
– All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications,
especially the Internet.
4 melting pot(大熔爐）： a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
5 culture(文化）： can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a
given culture.
6 cultural diversity(文化融合）： refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full
mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
7. Communication(交際） : mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your
thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
8 intercultural communication(跨文化交際）： communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and
distinct(不同） enough to alter（ 改變） their communicaion。
1 Pragmatics（ 語用學） : the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
2 Semantics（ 語義學）： a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.
3 Denotation（ 引申含義）： the literal meaning or definition of a word — the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
1 Chronemics（ 時間學）： The study of how people perceive and use time.
(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
(2)Polychronic Time（ 多元時間觀念） : being involved with many things at once.
2 Proxemics（ 空間學）： Refers to the perception and use of space.
3 Kinetics（ 身勢學） :the study of body language.身勢學
4 Paralanguage(副語言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .
1 A planetary culture（ 行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主義）.
2 Intercultural person（ 跨文化的人） : represents someone whose cognitive(認知的） , affective, and behavioral(行
爲的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(心理界限）of his or her own culture.
High-context cultures（ 含蓄的文化） assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In
high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the
overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures （ 外向型的文化） exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective
communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the
message itself means everything.
"I"culture(個體主義）：1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet 3.Privacy to
mind their own business
4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant
"We"culture(集體主義）： 1.Harmony to strive for the common good 2.Competition is not encouraged 3.Limit rights
to property 4.Filial piety(孝順） 5.Inter-dependant
Power distance(權利差距）：describes the distribution(分佈） of influence within the culture, the extent to which the
less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
Cultures are classified on a continuum(延續體）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等級主義） v.s. egalitarian
（ 平等主義） .
Masculine cultures(剛性文化） :These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness,
competition and material success.
Feminine cultures(柔性文化）： These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life,
interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.
- Enculturation(文化習得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation
- Acculturation(文化適應): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops
an increased similarity between the two cultures. - Ethnocentric(文化中心主義): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
- Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your
thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. - Source 交際邀請
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
13.Encoding 編碼 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your
communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the
process of putting an idea into a symbol. - Message 編碼信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the
message is the resulting object. - Channel 交際渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message
is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the
face-to-face communication. - Noise 干擾 The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
- Receiver 交際接受 The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
- Decoding 解碼 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The
receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. - Receiver response 接受反應 The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response
refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. - Feedback 反饋 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge
and to which the source attends and assigns meaning. - Context 場景 The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the
environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. - Connotation（ 內涵）： the suggestive meaning of a word — all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a
word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning. - Taboo 禁忌語： refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in
certain culture for religious or social reasons. - Euphemism 委婉語： Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh,
blunt, or offensive.
Strike while the iron is hot 趁熱打鐵 More haste, less speed. 欲速不達
To pass fish eyes for pearls 魚目 混珠
as stubborn as a mule 犟得像頭牛
dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air 水底撈月
to drink like a fish 牛飲 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蠟
to be at the end of one’s rope 山窮水盡
landscape engineer 園林工人 tonsorial artist 理髮師
sanitation engineer 清潔工 shoe rebuilder 補鞋匠
soft in the head 發瘋的 reckless disregard for truth 撒謊
to take things without permission 偷竊
industrial climate 勞資關係緊張
justice has long arms 天網恢恢， 疏而不漏 fat office 肥缺
diamond cut diamond 棋逢對手 golden saying 金玉良言
You will cross the bridge when you get to it 船到橋頭自然直
better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 寧爲雞頭， 勿爲牛後
tread upon eggs 如履薄冰
簡答題
9 components of communication（ 交際的十大要素）
①source(來源）： the person who desires to
②encoding(編碼）： the process of putting on idea into a symbol
③message(信息）： identifies the encoding thought
④channel(渠道）： the means of transmission(傳播途徑）
⑤noise(干擾）： anything distorts the messages
⑥receiver(接受者）： the person who attends to the message
⑦decoding(解碼）： assigning meaning to the symbols received
⑧receiver response(接受者反應）： anything the receiver does
⑨feedback(反饋）： the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns
meaning
⑩context(場景）： help define(使明確） the communication
1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.
①convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系統） ②innovative communication systems(革新通信技術）
③economic globailzation(經濟全球化） ④widespread migrations(廣泛的移民)
2.What are the three ingredients(組成) of culture?
①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)
②behavior(what they do)③concepts(共有觀點） (what they think)
3.How to understand cultural iceberg?
just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an
imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface
4.What are the characteristic(特點） of culture?
①shared ②learned(enculuration 文化習得： learning one’s culture)
③ dynamic( 動 態 的 ） （ accultration 文 化 適 應 ： adopts the changes brought about by another
culture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism 文化中心主義： own cultural background is superior)
5.What are the characteristic of communication?
①dynamic(動態性）； ②irreversible(不可逆轉的） ③symbolic(符號的） ④systematic(系統性） ⑤transactional（ 互
動性） ⑥contextual(語境)
1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?
①In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name；
in English this order is reversed.
②In China seniority(資歷） is paid respects to.
Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for
the first time.
(About addressing by relationship） Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.
Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
Chinese use a person’s title、 office、 or profession to indicate(表明） the person’s influential(有權勢的） status .In
English, only a few occupations or titles could be used， such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and
captain.(p24) - What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?
M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.認爲時間是線性的
P-Time is less rigid(刻板） and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered. - What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97
M: Do one thing at a time
Take time commitments seriously
Are committed to the job
Adhere religiously to plans
Emphasize promptness
Are accustomed to short-term relationships
P: Do many things at once
Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible
Are committed to people and human relationships
Change plans often and easily
Base promptness on the relationship
Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event
at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more
flexible and more human-centered. - What are the social functions of compliments?(讚美的社會功能是什麼？ )
Creating or reinforcing(加固） solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging
people, softening criticism（ 委婉批評） ,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment（ 窘迫） . - How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?
The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the
paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject
and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by
an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between
paragraphs.
In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a
topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and
illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and
to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue
something. - What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism（ 佛教） and Christianity（ 基督教） ?
Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a
supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.
Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen
from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth
generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the
salvation of the individual through hard work and piety. - What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?（ 美國文化價值取向） As far as the human
nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.
As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.
They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.
They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore
they focus less on the benefits of the group.
4.Discuss the contents of …
1)Chronemics:The study of how people perceive and use time.時間學(1)Monochronic Time:paying attention to
and doing only one thing at a time.(2)Polychronic Time:being involved with many things at once.
2)Proxemics:the perception and use of space.空間學
3)Kinetics:the study of body language.身勢學
4)Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.
6.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English
① good luck②feel surprised③I don’t know④Pardon! Can’t hear⑤That’s enough, Please
over⑥thamb-dowm⑦Sth strange/odd⑧Come here⑨in the U.S., meaning "OK"⑩in Italy, meaning “Hero”. in
U.S., "goodbye"⑾Oh, I forgot⑿Slow down/Relax/Wait a second.
8…What has influenced the gender socialization?（ 什麼會影響性別社會化）
There are two primary influences on gender socialization:family communication,particularly between mothers and
children,and recreational interaction among children. - Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low contexgt culture.（ 討論高、 低語境）
Eastern culture favors verbal hesitance and ambiguity in order to avoid disturbing or offending others,the vurden
of smooth communication effective is shared equally between all parties involved.
The Western communicative mode is primarily(直接） direct,explicit（ 明確） ,and verbal,relying heavily on logical
and rational perception(感知） ,thinking， andarticulation.So the task of communicating effectively lies primarily on
the speaker.
10.How is gender different from sex?
Sex:biological, permanent, with an individual property
Gender:socially-constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality
11.Six principles for Effective Cross-gender Comunication(六條有效的跨性別交際原則)
1)Suspend judgement 2)Recognize the validity of different communication styles 3)Provide translation cues
4)Seek translation cues 5)Enlarge your own communication style 6)Suspend judgement