短語互譯
第一次
| 原文 | 翻譯 |
|---|---|
| sensor characteristics | 傳感器特性 |
| electrical supply | 供電 |
| signal conditioning unit | 信號調節單元 |
| accuracy rating | 精度等級 |
| 溫度計 | thermometer |
| 速度計 | speedometer |
| dead-band characteristics | 死區特性 |
| static friction | 靜摩擦 |
| full operating range of the device | 設備的全工作範圍 |
| ambient temperature | 環境溫度 |
| aging effect(s) | 老化效應 |
| mechanical wear | 機械磨損 |
| self-heating | 自熱效應 |
| bridge-circuit | 電橋電路 |
| the smallest detectable change | 最小的可檢測變化 |
| contact friction | 接觸摩擦 |
| mechanical strain | 機械應變 |
| resistance temperature detector | 電阻溫度檢測器 |
| power dissipation | 功率損耗 |
| lead impedance | 引線阻抗 |
第二次
| 原文 | 翻譯 |
|---|---|
| the rated voltage and current | 額定電壓和電流 |
| gear drive | 齒輪傳動 |
| micro-actuator | 微執行器 |
| a binary actuator | 二元執行器 |
| stable-state output | 穩態輸出 |
| stepper motor | 步進電機 |
| small incremental motion | 小增量運動 |
| on-off type control action | 開關型控制動作 |
| a low energy level command signal | 低能級指令信號 |
| actuator load | 執行器負載 |
| thousands of horsepower motor | 千馬力電機 |
| motor shaft | 電機軸 |
| synchronous motor | 同步電動機 |
| three-phase induction motor | 三相感應電動機 |
| large-horsepower application | 大馬力應用 |
| two-phase motor | 兩相電動機 |
| solid-state drive | 固態硬盤 |
| unipolar stepper motor | 單極步進電機 |
| bottom stator pole | 定子底極 |
| a permanent magnet with six poles | 六極永磁體 |
| counterclockwise direction | 逆時針方向 |
| a soft iron core | 柔軟的鐵心 |
| directional control valve | 方向控制閥 |
| hydraulic or pneumatic actuator | 液壓或氣動執行機構 |
| analog to digital converter | 模數轉換器 |
| transfer function | 傳遞函數 |
| discrete output states | 離散輸出狀態 |
| a sample-and-hold circuit | 採樣保持電路 |
| high-input impedance | 高輸入阻抗 |
| the highest frequency component | 最高頻率分量 |
| propagation delay | 傳播延遲 |
| least significant bit | 最低有效位 |
第三次
| 原文 | 翻譯 |
|---|---|
| virtual instrument | 虛擬儀器 |
| computational size, cost | 計算量，成本 |
| bulk storage | 大容量存儲 |
| off-line instrument | 離線儀表 |
| data processing | 數據處理 |
| custom developed | 定製開發 |
| with the advent of microelectronics | 隨着微電子技術的出現 |
| realtime application | 實時應用 |
| special/general-purpose computer | 專用/通用計算機 |
| a considerable breadth of measurement and control | 相當廣泛的測量和控制 |
| industrial field | 工業領域 |
| high-speed application | 高速應用 |
| user-interface operations | 用戶界面操作 |
| windows-type software | 窗口類型軟件 |
| complex manipulations along with memory, look-up tables, and intelligent displays and controls | 複雜的操作以及內存、查找表、智能顯示和控件 |
| large memory capacity | 大存儲容量 |
| a conditioning circuit | 調節電路 |
| local area network | 局域網 |
| remote radio communication protocol | 遠程無線電通信協議 |
| interconnection buses | 互連總線 |
| application software | 應用程序軟件 |
| General-purpose Interface Bus | 通用接口總線 |
| Industry Standard Architecture Bus | 行業標準架構總線 |
| addressing width of a processor | 處理器的尋址寬度 |
| one-byte wide | 一字節寬 |
| a full 16-bit data bus | 完整的16位數據總線 |
| two-clock-cycle | 兩個時鐘週期 |
| direct memory access | 直接內存訪問 |
| Plug and play | 即插即用 |
| micro-channel architecture | 微通道架構 |
| serial communication peripherals | 串行通訊外設 |
| novice users | 新手用戶 |
| high-speed peer to peer communication | 高速對等通信 |
第四次
| 原文 | 翻譯 |
|---|---|
| yaw damper system | 偏航阻尼系統 |
| autopilot | 自動駕駛 |
| trail-and-error | 試錯法 |
| dynamic analysis | 動態分析 |
| control system design | 控制系統設計 |
| classical control theory | 經典控制理論 |
| high-speed digital computers | 高速數字計算機 |
| state variables | 狀態變量 |
| open-loop control systems | 開環控制系統 |
| a negative feedback system | 負面反饋系統 |
| differential equation | 微分方程 |
| difference equation | 差分方程 |
| time interval | 時間間隔 |
| a sampled-data system | 採樣數據系統 |
| nonlinear system | 非線性系統 |
| time-invariant system | 時不變系統 |
| stationary/nonstationary system | 平穩/非平穩系統 |
| time-dependent | 時間相關的 |
| lumped parameter system | 集總參數系統 |
| distributed parameter system | 分佈參數系統 |
| ordinary/partial differential equation | 常/偏微分方程 |
| deterministic/stochastic system | 確定性/隨機系統 |
| multi-variable system | 多變量系統 |
| single-input single-output system | 單輸入單輸出系統 |
| performance criteria and indices | 績效標準和指標 |
| transient response | 瞬態響應 |
| steady-state value of the output | 輸出的穩態值 |
| nonzero initial conditions | 非零初始條件 |
| complex variable in the Laplace domain | Laplace域中的復變量 |
| linearity and superposition theorems | 線性和疊加定理 |
| shifting theorem | 移位定理 |
| piecewise continuous inputs | 分段連續輸入 |
| analytic function | 分析函數 |
| homogeneous/particular solution | 均勻/特殊溶液 |
| unilateral Fourier integral | 單邊傅里葉積分 |
| DC-motor drive | 直流電動機驅動 |
| zero internal impedance | 零內部阻抗 |
| dc voltage source | 直流電壓源 |
| Pulse-Width Modulation | 脈衝寬度調製 |
| switch duty ratio | 開關佔空比 |
| a resistive load | 電阻負載 |
| uninterruptible AC power supplies | 不間斷交流電源 |
| two-quadrant converter | 二象限轉換器 |
| voltage/current source inverters | 電壓/電流源逆變器 |
| square-wave inverter | 方波逆變器 |
| voltage cancellation | 電壓抵消 |
| switch-mode converter | 開關模式轉換器 |
| linear vector space | 線性向量空間 |
| power transistor | 功率晶體管 |
| very large scale integrated circuits | 超大規模集成電路 |
長句翻譯
第一次
| 第一次 |
|---|
| The major reason for the availability of such equipment has been the development of computers and microprocessors which are used as sophisticated, flexible and yet low cost controllers. |
| 這種設備的可用性的主要原因是計算機和微處理器的發展，它們被用作精密、靈活且低成本的控制器。 |
| However, the operation of such systems would be very poor, if possible at all, if the computer’s decision making programs were not being supplied with suitable, up to date, quality information about the state of the external system. |
| 但是，如果沒有爲計算機的決策程序提供有關外部系統狀態的適當的最新質量信息，那麼，如果可能的話，此類系統的操作將非常糟糕。 |
| Electrical noise (i.e. unwanted signals) may be generated by variation in contact resistance, by mechanical wear due to contact fiction, and by contact vibration transmitted from the sensing element. |
| 電噪聲（即不需要的信號）可能由接觸電阻的變化、接觸摩擦引起的機械磨損和傳感元件傳輸的接觸振動產生。 |
| When a specification refers to a dead-zone or dead-band, it is referring to the largest change in the quantity to be measured to which the output does not change, or the change of input to which there is no output. |
| 當一個規範是指一個死區或死區時，它指的是待測量中輸出不變的最大變化，或是沒有輸出的輸入變化。 |
| This means that if we take a temperature measurement with the thermometer and find it to be ±20.1°C, then the actual temperature lies somewhere between 15.9°C and 20.3°C. |
| 這意味着，如果我們用溫度計測量溫度，發現溫度爲±20.1°C，那麼實際溫度介於15.9°C和20.3°C之間。 |
第二次
| 第二次 |
|---|
| Actuators are basically the muscle behind a mechatronics system that accepts a control command (mostly in the form of an electrical signal) and produces a change in the physical system by generating force, motion, heat, flow, etc. |
| 執行器基本上是機電一體化系統背後的肌肉，該機電一體化系統接受控制命令（主要是電信號的形式），並通過產生力，運動，熱量，流量等在物理系統中產生變化。 |
| The stepper motor is a discrete (incremental) positioning device that moves one step at a time for each pulse command input. Since they accept direct digital commands and produce a mechanical motion, the stepper motors are used widely in industrial control applications. |
| 步進電機是一種離散（增量）定位裝置，每次爲每個脈衝指令輸入移動一步。由於步進電機接受直接的數字指令併產生機械運動，因此在工業控制應用中得到了廣泛的應用。 |
| Normally, due to the spring force, the soft iron core is pushed to the extreme left position; when the solenoid is excited, the soft iron core will move to the right extreme position thus providing the electromagnetic actuation. |
| 正常情況下，由於彈簧力的作用，軟鐵心被推到最左邊的位置；當電磁閥被激發時，軟鐵心會移動到最右邊的位置，從而提供電磁驅動。 |
| A/D conversion is essentially a quantizing process, whereby an analog signal is represented by discrete states. |
| A / D轉換本質上是量化過程，通過這個過程將模擬信號用離散狀態表示。 |
| An A/D converter requires a certain amount of time, called conversion time, to change an analog signal into the corresponding digital signal. If the analog signal changes during the conversion time, the converter output may be in error. To prevent this, a sample-and-hold circuit is used to sense the analog signal at the start of conversion, and store it on a capacitor during the remaining conversion time. |
| A/D轉換器需要一定的時間（稱爲轉換時間）將模擬信號轉換成相應的數字信號。如果在轉換期間模擬信號發生變化，則轉換器輸出可能出錯。爲了防止這種情況，在轉換開始時使用採樣保持電路來檢測模擬信號，並在剩餘的轉換時間內將其存儲在電容器上。 |
第三次
| 第三次 |
|---|
| As a result, rudimental control systems were developed. Relays were attached to the instruments so that processes could respond to parametric changes. Soon, the single relay grew into more than one, allowing for multipoint control. Then, rate detectors were added and finally integrators, creating the PID control system. |
| 因此，開發了基本的控制系統。繼電器連接到儀器上，以便過程能夠對參數變化作出響應。很快，單繼電器發展成多個，允許多點控制。然後加入速率檢測器，最後加入積分器，構成PID控制系統。 |
| It became normal for a measuring instrument to accept a signal; condition the input by linearizing, shaping, band limiting, etc.; and then digitize the result. The digital output was manipulated in a special, onboard processor in order to provide control or analytical decisions. |
| 測量儀器接收信號變得正常；通過線性化、整形、頻帶限制等調節輸入；然後將結果數字化。數字輸出在一個特殊的機載處理器中進行操作，以提供控制或分析決策。 |
| At the same time, the sphere of measurement and control systems expanded from merely measuring electrical and electronics parameters to encompassing all ancillary technologies including the mechanical, chemical, civil, and medical fields. |
| 同時，測量和控制系統的範圍從僅僅測量電氣和電子參數擴展到包括機械、化學、民用和醫療領域在內的所有輔助技術。 |
| The speed and capability of general-purpose computers advanced exponentially. It soon became possible to adapt standard, high-speed computers to the online applications required in real time measurement and control. |
| 通用計算機的速度和功能呈指數級增長。 很快就可以使標準的高速計算機適應實時測量和控制所需的在線應用程序。 |
| With the addition of computers and computational capability, the cost of the instruments increased, How do we improve performance without adding cost? |
| 隨着計算機和計算能力的增加，儀器的成本增加，如何在不增加成本的情況下提高性能？ |
| Consider what a virtual instrument and control system might contain. For a measurement instrument, there must be a sensor. If the parameter being measured is not electrical, this must incorporate a transducer to change the information to an electrical signal. |
| 考慮一下虛擬儀器和控制系統可能包含的內容。 對於測量儀器，必須有一個傳感器。 如果要測量的參數不是電氣參數，則必須包含一個傳感器才能將信息更改爲電氣信號。 |
第四次
| 第四次 |
|---|
| Control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, to compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money. |
| 由人類設計的控制系統被用來擴展他們的物理能力，補償他們的物理限制，減輕他們的日常或乏味的任務，或是節省資金。 |
| Freed of this routine task, the pilot can perform other tasks, such as navigation and/or communications, thus reducing the number of crew required and consequently the operating cost of the aircraft. |
| 擺脫了這一例行任務，飛行員可以執行其他任務，如導航和/或通信，從而減少所需的機組人員數量，從而降低飛機的運行成本。 |
| The definition of the transfer function requires the system to be linear and stationary, with continuous variables and with zero initial conditions. The transfer function is most useful when the system is also lumped parameter and when transport lags are absent or neglected. |
| 傳遞函數的定義要求系統是線性和平穩的，具有連續變量且初始條件爲零。 當系統也是集總參數且缺少或忽略運輸滯後時，傳遞函數最有用。 |
| One of the methods for controlling the output voltage employs switching at a constant frequency (hence, a constant switching time period TS=ton+toff), and adjusting the on-duration of the switch to control the average output voltage. |
| 控制輸出電壓的方法之一是以恆定頻率（因此，恆定的開關時間週期ts＝ton+toff）進行切換，並調整開關的接通持續時間以控制平均輸出電壓。 |
| In transfer function models these equations are transformed and variables are eliminated between them to find the relation between selected input and output variables. |
| 在傳遞函數模型中，對這些方程式進行了轉換，並消除了它們之間的變量，以找到所選輸入變量和輸出變量之間的關係。 |
論文摘要翻譯
第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications
| 原文 | 譯文 |
|---|---|
| The interest of investigating offshore wind characteristics is receiving growing attention worldwide, which mainly attempts to boost the development of offshore wind energy and accelerate sustainable development. In particular, the understanding of offshore wind characteristics at the hub heights of wind turbines is of great significance in regard to the assessment of economic feasibility and structural design of wind turbines. Since traditional meteorological masts have limitations in height due to economic and technical considerations, remote sensing techniques have increasingly been employed for offshore wind observations. | 海上風電特性的研究在世界範圍內受到越來越多的關注，其主要目的是促進海上風能的開發和促進可持續發展。特別是瞭解風電機組樞紐高度處的海上風特性，對於評估風電機組的經濟可行性和結構設計具有重要意義。由於傳統的氣象桅杆由於經濟和技術上的考慮，高度受到限制，遙感技術越來越多地應用於海上風場觀測。 |
| This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of offshore wind characteristics on the basis of measurements from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system at an offshore site in Hong Kong. The fidelity of the wind LiDAR measurements was firstly examined by comparing with those obtained from anemometers on a nearby meteorological mast. Statistical analysis of wind speed was performed by means of the Weibull distribution function, and the results were subsequently used to facilitate the determination of several characteristic parameters associated with wind energy applications. The vertical profiles of wind speed derived from the LiDAR system were compared with existing models. Characteristics of wind shear coefficient were examined within different height ranges. Furthermore, the offshore turbulence characteristics were investigated, including the turbulence intensity and gust factor. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide useful information for the development of offshore wind energy. | 本文基於香港近海光探測和測距（LIDAR）系統的測量結果，對海上風場特性進行了綜合評價。通過與附近氣象桅杆上風速計的測量結果進行比較，首次檢驗了測風激光雷達測量結果的保真度。利用Weibull分佈函數對風速進行統計分析，結果隨後用於確定與風能應用相關的幾個特徵參數。從激光雷達系統得到的風速垂直廓線與現有模型進行了比較。研究了不同高度範圍內的風切變係數特徵。此外，還研究了近海湍流特性，包括湍流強度和陣風因子。本文的研究成果有望爲海上風能的開發提供有益的參考。 |
第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid
| 原文 | 譯文 |
|---|---|
| The Smart Grid (SG) is a technological transformation from conventional electric grid, electro-mechanically controlled system, to smart, intelligent, and electronically controlled system called the “Smart Grid” (SG). There are about 20–30% losses present in the conventional electric grid due to substandard operations at generation, transmission and distribution side. The major players in the transformation are: (a) increased electricity cost, (b) aging infrastructure, © carbon footprint, (d) Green House Gas emissions, (e) climate change, and (f) less efficient electrical network. The promising features of the Smart Grid are: (a) intelligent de-centralized control, (b) resilience, © flexibility, (d) sustainability, (e) digitalization, (f) intelligence, (g) consumer empowerment, (h) green energy, and (i) smart infrastructure. | 智能電網（SG）是從傳統的電力網、機電控制系統向智能化、智能化、電子控制系統（SG）的技術轉型。由於發電、輸電和配電側運行不達標，傳統電網約有20-30%的損耗。轉型的主要參與者是：（a）電力成本增加，（b）基礎設施老化，（c）碳足跡，（d）溫室氣體排放，（e）氣候變化，以及（f）效率較低的電網。智能電網的有前途的特點是：（a）智能去集中式控制，（b）彈性，（c）靈活性，（d）可持續性，（e）數字化，（f）智能，（g）消費者授權，（H）綠色能源，和（I）智能基礎設施。 |
| The fundamental issues and open challenges in the SG are lack of awareness, consumer acceptance, cyber terrorism, data collection management, energy metering, dynamic optimization and energy control. Considering above, in this paper, a comprehensive review exploring information of development, technologies, and techniques in the SG. The main goal is to investigate and reveal the key enabling technologies, to obtain better picture about the current status of SG development. The focus areas of this review study are Architectural Model focusing Consumer Empowerment (CE), Demand Response Program (DRP), and Demand Side Management (DSM). Our survey discusses in detail the Communication Technologies, such as Wireless Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Machine to Machine Communication (M2M). The power systems such as Micro Grid, Nano Grid, Pico Grid, Inter Grid, Virtual Power Plants, and Distributed Generation are also elaborated in this review study. Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) Integration with the SG and Integration issues related to Distributed generation (DG) are presented in this survey. This survey also analyzes Architectural Model of the Smart Grid focusing consumer empowerment and prosumers interaction. The aim of this study is to provide deep understanding of technologies and their applications in the SG. | SG存在的根本問題和麪臨的挑戰是缺乏認識、消費者接受度、網絡恐怖主義、數據收集管理、能源計量、動態優化和能源控制。綜上所述，本文對蒸汽發生器的發展、技術和技術進行了全面的綜述。主要目的是研究和揭示關鍵的使能技術，更好地瞭解SG的發展現狀。本綜述研究的重點領域是關注消費者授權（CE）、需求響應計劃（DRP）和需求側管理（DSM）的架構模型。我們的調查詳細討論了通信技術，如無線預計量基礎設施（AMI）、相量測量單元（PMU）、監控與數據採集（SCADA）和機對機通信（M2M）。對微電網、納米電網、微微電網、互聯電網、虛擬電廠、分佈式發電等電力系統進行了綜述。本文介紹了可再生能源（RERs）與SG的集成以及與分佈式發電（DG）相關的集成問題。本次調查還分析了以消費者授權和消費者互動爲重點的智能電網架構模型。本研究的目的是深入瞭解技術及其在蒸汽發生器中的應用。 |
第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
| 原文 | 譯文 |
|---|---|
| The game of Go has long been viewed as the most challenging of classic games for artificial intelligence due to its enormous search space and the difficulty of evaluating board positions and moves. We introduce a new approach to computer Go that uses value networks to evaluate board positions and policy networks to select moves. These deep neural networks are trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games, and reinforcement learning from games of self-play. Without any lookahead search, the neural networks play Go at the level of state-of-the-art Monte-Carlo tree search programs that simulate thousands of random games of self-play. We also introduce a new search algorithm that combines Monte-Carlo simulation with value and policy networks. Using this search algorithm, our program AlphaGo achieved a 99.8% winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated the European Go champion by 5 games to 0. This is the first time that a computer program has defeated a human professional player in the full-sized game of Go, a feat previously thought to be at least a decade away. | 圍棋由於其巨大的搜索空間以及棋盤位置和動作的評估難度，一直被視爲人工智能領域最具挑戰性的經典遊戲。我們提出了一種新的計算機圍棋方法，它使用價值網絡來評估棋盤位置，使用策略網絡來選擇移動。這些深層神經網絡是由一種新的組合訓練的監督學習從人類專家遊戲，並加強學習從遊戲的自我發揮。在沒有任何前瞻性搜索的情況下，神經網絡發揮了最先進的蒙特卡羅樹搜索程序的水平，模擬數千個隨機遊戲的自我發揮。我們還介紹了一種新的搜索算法，將蒙特卡羅模擬與價值和策略網絡相結合。使用這種搜索算法，我們的程序AlphaGo在與其他圍棋程序的比賽中獲得了99.8%的獲勝率，並以5比0擊敗了歐洲圍棋冠軍。這是計算機程序第一次在全尺寸圍棋遊戲中擊敗人類專業玩家，這一壯舉此前被認爲至少還有十年的時間。 |