12、pytest -- 緩存:記錄執行的狀態

往期索引:https://www.cnblogs.com/luizyao/p/11771740.html

pytest會將本輪測試的執行狀態寫入到.pytest_cache文件夾,這個行爲是由自帶的cacheprovider插件來實現的;

注意:

pytest默認將測試執行的狀態寫入到根目錄中的.pytest_cache文件夾,我們也可以通過在pytest.ini中配置cache_dir選項來自定義緩存的目錄,它可以是相對路徑,也可以是絕對路徑;

相對路徑指的是相對於pytest.ini文件所在的目錄;例如,我們把這一章的緩存和源碼放在一起:

src/chapter-12/pytest.ini中添加如下配置:

[pytest]
cache_dir = .pytest-cache

這樣,即使我們在項目的根目錄下執行src/chapter-12/中的用例,也只會在pytest-chinese-doc/src/chapter-12/.pytest_cache中生成緩存,而不再是pytest-chinese-doc/.pytest_cache中;

pytest-chinese-doc (5.1.3) 
λ pipenv run pytest src/chapter-12

1. cacheprovider插件

在介紹這個插件之前,我們先看一個簡單例子:

# src/chapter-12/test_failed.py

import pytest


@pytest.mark.parametrize('num', [1, 2])
def test_failed(num):
    assert num == 1


# src\chapter-12\test_pass.py

def test_pass():
    assert 1

我們有兩個簡單的測試模塊,首先我們來執行一下它們:

λ pipenv run pytest -q src/chapter-12/
.F.                                                                [100%] 
=============================== FAILURES ================================ 
____________________________ test_failed[2] _____________________________

num = 2

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('num', [1, 2])
    def test_failed(num):
>       assert num == 1
E       assert 2 == 1

src\chapter-12\test_failed.py:27: AssertionError
1 failed, 2 passed in 0.08s

可以看到一共收集到三個測試用例,其中有一個失敗,另外兩個成功的,並且兩個執行成功的用例分屬不同的測試模塊;

同時,pytest也在src/chapter-12/的目錄下生成緩存文件夾(.pytest_cache),具體的目錄結構如下所示:

src
├───chapter-12
│   │   pytest.ini  # 配置了 cache_dir = .pytest-cache
│   │   test_failed.py
│   │   test_pass.py
│   │
│   └───.pytest-cache
│       │   .gitignore
│       │   CACHEDIR.TAG
│       │   README.md
│       │
│       └───v
│           └───cache
│                   lastfailed
│                   nodeids
│                   stepwise

現在,我們就結合上面的組織結構,具體介紹一下cacheprovider插件的功能;

1.1. --lf, --last-failed:只執行上一輪失敗的用例

緩存中的lastfailed文件記錄了上次失敗的用例ID,我們可以通過一下--cache-show命令查看它的內容:

--cache-show命令也是cacheprovider提供的新功能,它不會導致任何用例的執行;

λ pipenv run pytest src/chapter-12/ -q --cache-show 'lastfailed'
cachedir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc\src\chapter-12\.pytest-cache
--------------------- cache values for 'lastfailed' --------------------- 
cache\lastfailed contains:
  {'test_failed.py::test_failed[2]': True}

no tests ran in 0.01s

我們可以看到,它記錄了一個用例,爲上次失敗的測試用例的IDtest_failed.py::test_failed[2]

下次執行時,當我們使用--lf選項,pytest在收集階段只會選擇這個失敗的用例,而忽略其它的:

λ pipenv run pytest --lf --collect-only src/chapter-12/
========================== test session starts ==========================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.3, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0
cachedir: .pytest-cache
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc\src\chapter-12, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 2 items / 1 deselected / 1 selected
<Module test_failed.py>
  <Function test_failed[2]>
run-last-failure: rerun previous 1 failure (skipped 2 files)

========================= 1 deselected in 0.02s =========================

我們仔細觀察一下上面的回顯,有一句話可能會讓我們有點困惑:collected 2 items / 1 deselected / 1 selected,可我們明明有三個用例,怎麼會只收集到兩個呢?

實際上,--lf複寫了用例收集階段的兩個鉤子方法:pytest_ignore_collect(path, config)pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items)

我們來先看看pytest_ignore_collect(path, config),如果它的結果返回True,就忽略path路徑中的用例;

# _pytest/cacheprovider.py

    def last_failed_paths(self):
        """Returns a set with all Paths()s of the previously failed nodeids (cached).
        """
        try:
            return self._last_failed_paths
        except AttributeError:
            rootpath = Path(self.config.rootdir)
            result = {rootpath / nodeid.split("::")[0] for nodeid in self.lastfailed}
            result = {x for x in result if x.exists()}
            self._last_failed_paths = result
            return result

    def pytest_ignore_collect(self, path):
        """
        Ignore this file path if we are in --lf mode and it is not in the list of
        previously failed files.
        """
        if self.active and self.config.getoption("lf") and path.isfile():
            last_failed_paths = self.last_failed_paths()
            if last_failed_paths:
                skip_it = Path(path) not in self.last_failed_paths()
                if skip_it:
                    self._skipped_files += 1
                return skip_it

可以看到,如果當前收集的文件,不在上一次失敗的路徑集合內,就會忽略這個文件,所以這次執行就不會到test_pass.py中收集用例了,故而只收集到兩個用例;並且pytest.ini也在忽略的名單上,所以實際上是跳過兩個文件:(skipped 2 files)

至於pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items)鉤子方法,我們在下一節和--ff命令一起看;

1.2. --ff, --failed-first:先執行上一輪失敗的用例,再執行其它的

我們先通過實踐看看這個命令的效果,再去分析它的實現:

λ pipenv run pytest --collect-only -s --ff src/chapter-12/
========================== test session starts ========================== 
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.3, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0
cachedir: .pytest-cache
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc\src\chapter-12, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 3 items
<Module test_failed.py>
  <Function test_failed[2]>
  <Function test_failed[1]>
<Module test_pass.py>
  <Function test_pass>
run-last-failure: rerun previous 1 failure first

========================= no tests ran in 0.02s =========================

我們可以看到一共收集到三個測試用例,和正常的收集順序相比,上一輪失敗的test_failed.py::test_failed[2]用例在最前面,將優先執行;

實際上,-ff只複寫了鉤子方法:pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items),它可以過濾或者重新排序收集到的用例:

# _pytest/cacheprovider.py

    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self, session, config, items):
        ...

                if self.config.getoption("lf"):
                    items[:] = previously_failed
                    config.hook.pytest_deselected(items=previously_passed)
                else:  # --failedfirst
                    items[:] = previously_failed + previously_passed

        ...

可以看到,如果使用的是lf,就把之前成功的用例狀態置爲deselected,這輪執行就會忽略它們;如果使用的是-ff,只是將之前失敗的用例,順序調到前面;

另外,我們也可以看到lf的優先級要高於ff,所以它們同時使用的話,ff是不起作用的;

1.3. --nf, --new-first:先執行新加的或修改的用例,再執行其它的

緩存中的nodeids文件記錄了上一輪執行的所有的用例:

λ pipenv run pytest src/chapter-12 --cache-show 'nodeids'
========================== test session starts ==========================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.3, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0
cachedir: .pytest-cache
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc\src\chapter-12, inifile: pytest.ini
cachedir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc\src\chapter-12\.pytest-cache
---------------------- cache values for 'nodeids' -----------------------
cache\nodeids contains:
  ['test_failed.py::test_failed[1]',
   'test_failed.py::test_failed[2]',
   'test_pass.py::test_pass']

========================= no tests ran in 0.01s =========================

我們看到上一輪共執行了三個測試用例;

現在我們在test_pass.py中新加一個用例,並修改一下test_failed.py文件中的用例(但是不添加新用例):

# src\chapter-12\test_pass.py

def test_pass():
    assert 1


def test_new_pass():
    assert 1

現在我們再來執行一下收集命令:

λ pipenv run pytest --collect-only -s --nf src/chapter-12/
========================== test session starts ==========================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.3, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0
cachedir: .pytest-cache
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc\src\chapter-12, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 4 items
<Module test_pass.py>
  <Function test_new_pass>
<Module test_failed.py>
  <Function test_failed[1]>
  <Function test_failed[2]>
<Module test_pass.py>
  <Function test_pass>

========================= no tests ran in 0.03s =========================

可以看到,新加的用例順序在最前面,其次修改過的測試用例緊接其後,最後纔是舊的用例;這個行爲在源碼中有所體現:

# _pytest/cacheprovider.py

    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self, session, config, items):
        if self.active:
            new_items = OrderedDict()
            other_items = OrderedDict()
            for item in items:
                if item.nodeid not in self.cached_nodeids:
                    new_items[item.nodeid] = item
                else:
                    other_items[item.nodeid] = item

            items[:] = self._get_increasing_order(
                new_items.values()
            ) + self._get_increasing_order(other_items.values())
        self.cached_nodeids = [x.nodeid for x in items if isinstance(x, pytest.Item)]

    def _get_increasing_order(self, items):
        return sorted(items, key=lambda item: item.fspath.mtime(), reverse=True)

item.fspath.mtime()代表用例所在文件的最後修改時間,reverse=True表明是倒序排列;

items[:] = self._get_increasing_order(new_items.values()) + self._get_increasing_order(other_items.values())保證新加的用例永遠在最前面;

1.4. --cache-clear:先清除所有緩存,再執行用例

直接看源碼:

# _pytest/cacheprovider.py

class Cache:

    ... 

    @classmethod
    def for_config(cls, config):
        cachedir = cls.cache_dir_from_config(config)
        if config.getoption("cacheclear") and cachedir.exists():
            rm_rf(cachedir)
            cachedir.mkdir()
        return cls(cachedir, config)

可以看到,它會先把已有的緩存文件夾刪除(rm_rf(cachedir)),再創建一個空的同名文件夾(cachedir.mkdir()),這樣會導致上述的功能失效,所以一般不使用這個命令;

1.5. 如果上一輪沒有失敗的用例

現在,我們清除緩存,再執行test_pass.py模塊(它的用例都是能測試成功的):

λ pipenv run pytest --cache-clear -q -s src/chapter-12/test_pass.py
.
1 passed in 0.01s

這時候我們再去看一下緩存目錄:

.pytest-cache
└───v
    └───cache
            nodeids
            stepwise

是不是少了什麼?對!因爲沒有失敗的用例,所以不會生成lastfailed文件,那麼這個時候在使用--lf--ff會發生什麼呢?我們來試試:

注意:

如果我們觀察的足夠仔細,就會發現現在的緩存目錄和之前相比不止少了lastfailed文件,還少了CACHEDIR.TAG.gitignoreREADME.md三個文件;

這是一個bug,我已經在pytest 5.3.1版本上提交了issue,預計會在之後的版本修復,如果你有興趣深入瞭解一下它的成因和修復方案,可以參考這個:https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/6290

luyao@NJ-LUYAO-T460 /d/Personal Files/Projects/pytest-chinese-doc (5.1.3) 
λ pipenv run pytest -q -s --lf src/chapter-12/test_pass.py
.
1 passed in 0.01s

luyao@NJ-LUYAO-T460 /d/Personal Files/Projects/pytest-chinese-doc (5.1.3) 
λ pipenv run pytest -q -s --ff src/chapter-12/test_pass.py
.
1 passed in 0.02s

可以看到,它們沒有實施任何影響;爲什麼會這樣?我們去源碼裏找一下答案吧;

# _pytest/cacheprovider.py

class LFPlugin:
    """ Plugin which implements the --lf (run last-failing) option """

    def __init__(self, config):
        ...
        self.lastfailed = config.cache.get("cache/lastfailed", {})
        ...

    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self, session, config, items):
        ...

        if self.lastfailed:

            ...

        else:
            self._report_status = "no previously failed tests, "
            if self.config.getoption("last_failed_no_failures") == "none":
                self._report_status += "deselecting all items."
                config.hook.pytest_deselected(items=items)
                items[:] = []
            else:
                self._report_status += "not deselecting items."

可以看到,當self.lastfailed判斷失敗時,如果我們指定了last_failed_no_failures選項爲nonepytest會忽略所有的用例(items[:] = []),否則不做任何修改(和沒加--lf--ff一樣),而判斷self.lastfailed的依據是就是lastfailed文件;

繼續看看,我們會學習到一個新的命令行選項:

# _pytest/cacheprovider.py

    group.addoption(
            "--lfnf",
            "--last-failed-no-failures",
            action="store",
            dest="last_failed_no_failures",
            choices=("all", "none"),
            default="all",
            help="which tests to run with no previously (known) failures.",
        )

來試試吧:

λ pipenv run pytest -q -s --ff --lfnf none src/chapter-12/test_pass.py

1 deselected in 0.01s

λ pipenv run pytest -q -s --ff --lfnf all src/chapter-12/test_pass.py
.
1 passed in 0.01s

注意:

--lfnf的實參只支持choices=("all", "none")

2. config.cache對象

我們可以通過pytestconfig對象去訪問和設置緩存中的數據;下面是一個簡單的例子:

# content of test_caching.py

import pytest
import time


def expensive_computation():
    print("running expensive computation...")


@pytest.fixture
def mydata(request):
    val = request.config.cache.get("example/value", None)
    if val is None:
        expensive_computation()
        val = 42
        request.config.cache.set("example/value", val)
    return val


def test_function(mydata):
    assert mydata == 23

我們先執行一次這個測試用例:

λ pipenv run pytest -q src/chapter-12/test_caching.py 
F                                                                   [100%]
================================ FAILURES =================================
______________________________ test_function ______________________________

mydata = 42

    def test_function(mydata):
>       assert mydata == 23
E       assert 42 == 23

src/chapter-12/test_caching.py:43: AssertionError
-------------------------- Captured stdout setup --------------------------
running expensive computation...
1 failed in 0.05s

這個時候,緩存中沒有example/value,將val的值寫入緩存,終端打印running expensive computation...

查看緩存,其中新加了一個文件:.pytest-cache/v/example/value

.pytest-cache/
├── .gitignore
├── CACHEDIR.TAG
├── README.md
└── v
    ├── cache
    │   ├── lastfailed
    │   ├── nodeids
    │   └── stepwise
    └── example
        └── value

3 directories, 7 files

通過--cache-show選項查看,發現其內容正是42

λ pipenv run pytest src/chapter-12/ -q --cache-show 'example/value'
cachedir: /Users/yaomeng/Private/Projects/pytest-chinese-doc/src/chapter-12/.pytest-cache
-------------------- cache values for 'example/value' ---------------------
example/value contains:
  42

no tests ran in 0.00s

再次執行這個用例,這個時候緩存中已經有我們需要的數據了,終端就不會再打印running expensive computation...

λ pipenv run pytest -q src/chapter-12/test_caching.py 
F                                                                   [100%]
================================ FAILURES =================================
______________________________ test_function ______________________________

mydata = 42

    def test_function(mydata):
>       assert mydata == 23
E       assert 42 == 23

src/chapter-12/test_caching.py:43: AssertionError
1 failed in 0.04s

3. Stepwise

試想一下,現在有這麼一個場景:我們想要在遇到第一個失敗的用例時退出執行,並且下次還是從這個用例開始執行;

以下面這個測試模塊爲例:

# src/chapter-12/test_sample.py

def test_one():
    assert 1


def test_two():
    assert 0


def test_three():
    assert 1


def test_four():
    assert 0


def test_five():
    assert 1

我們先執行一下測試:pipenv run pytest --cache-clear --sw src/chapter-12/test_sample.py

λ pipenv run pytest --cache-clear --sw -q src/chapter-12/test_sample.py
.F
================================= FAILURES =================================
_________________________________ test_two _________________________________

    def test_two():
>       assert 0
E       assert 0

src/chapter-12/test_sample.py:28: AssertionError
!!!!!! Interrupted: Test failed, continuing from this test next run. !!!!!!!
1 failed, 1 passed in 0.13s

使用--cache-clear清除之前的緩存,使用--sw, --stepwise使其在第一個失敗的用例處退出執行;

現在我們的緩存文件中lastfailed記錄了這次執行失敗的用例,即爲test_two()nodeids記錄了所有的測試用例;特殊的是,stepwise記錄了最近一次失敗的測試用例,這裏也是test_two()

接下來,我們用--sw的方式再次執行:pytest首先會讀取stepwise中的值,並將其作爲第一個用例開始執行;

λ pipenv run pytest --sw -q src/chapter-12/test_sample.py
F
================================= FAILURES =================================
_________________________________ test_two _________________________________

    def test_two():
>       assert 0
E       assert 0

src/chapter-12/test_sample.py:28: AssertionError
!!!!!! Interrupted: Test failed, continuing from this test next run. !!!!!!!
1 failed, 1 deselected in 0.12s

可以看到,test_two()作爲第一個用例開始執行,在第一個失敗處退出;

其實,pytest還提供了一個--stepwise-skip的命令行選項,它會忽略第一個失敗的用例,在第二個失敗處退出執行;我們來試一下:

λ pipenv run pytest --sw --stepwise-skip -q src/chapter-12/test_sample.py
F.F
=============================== FAILURES ================================ 
_______________________________ test_two ________________________________

    def test_two():
>       assert 0
E       assert 0

src\chapter-12\test_sample.py:28: AssertionError
_______________________________ test_four _______________________________

    def test_four():
>       assert 0
E       assert 0

src\chapter-12\test_sample.py:36: AssertionError
!!!!! Interrupted: Test failed, continuing from this test next run. !!!!! 2 failed, 1 passed, 1 deselected in 0.16s

這個時候,在第二個失敗的用例test_four()處退出執行,同時stepwise文件的值也改成了"test_sample.py::test_four"

其實,本章所有的內容都可以在源碼的_pytest/cacheprovider.py文件中體現,如果能結合源碼學習,會有事半功倍的效果;

發表評論
所有評論
還沒有人評論,想成為第一個評論的人麼? 請在上方評論欄輸入並且點擊發布.
相關文章