本節主要內容如下：
-
瞭解更多關於WebDriver和WebElement類的知識
-
使用webdriver和WebElement類方法和屬性實現測試與應用交互
-
使用Select類自動化下拉菜單和列表的操作
-
自動化的JavaScript彈窗和瀏覽器操作。
HTML表單的元素
HTML
--HEAD TITLE
--BODY
----FORM
----INPUT: Text,Password, Submit, Checkbox, Radio, FileEA
----TEXTAREA
----SELECT OPTION
----TABLE: THEAD,TBODY,TR(Rows),TD(columns/cells)
----DIV
----P(Paragraph)
----Headings(H1,H2...)
----A(Anchor)webDriver類
webDriver類主要用於和瀏覽器交互，完整的屬性和方法參見：selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement
屬性列表：
| Property/attribute | Description | Example |
| current_url | This gets the URL of the current page displayed in the browser | driver.current_url |
| current_window_handle | This gets the handle of the current window | driver.current_window_handle |
| name | This gets the name of the underlying browser for this instance | driver.name |
| orientation | This gets the current orientation of the device | driver.orientation |
| page_source | This gets the source of the current page | driver.page_source |
| title | This gets the title of the current page | driver.title |
| window_handles | This gets the handles of all windows within the current session | driver.window_handles |
方法列表：
| Method | Description | Argument | Example |
| back() | This goes one step backward in the browser history in the current session. | driver.back() | |
| close() | This closes the current browser window. | driver.close() | |
| forward() | This goes one step forward in the browser history in the current session. | driver.forward() | |
| get(url) | This navigates and loads a web page in the current browser session. | url is the address of the website or web page to navigate | driver.get(“http://www.google.com”) |
| maximize_window() | This maximizes the current browser window. | driver.maximize_window() | |
| quit() | This quits the driver and closes all the associated windows. | driver.quit() | |
| refresh() | This refreshes the current page displayed in the browser. | driver.refresh() | |
| switch_to.active_element() | This returns the element with focus or the body if nothing else has focus. | driver.switch_to_active_element() | |
| Switch.to_alert() | This switches the focus to an alert on the page. | driver.switch_to_alert() | |
| switch_to.default_content() | This switches the focus to the default frame. | driver.switch_to_default_content() | |
| switch_to.frame(frame_reference) | This switches the focus to the specified frame, by index, name, or web element. This method also works on IFRAMES. | frame_reference: This is the name of the window to switch to, an integer representing the index, or a web element that is a frame to switch to | driver.switch_to_frame(‘frame_name’) |
| switch_to.window(window_name) | This switches focus to the specified window. | window_name is the name or window handle of the window to switch to. | driver.switch_to_window(‘main’) |
| implicitly_wait(time_to_wait) | This sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found, or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one time per session. To set the timeout for calls to execute_async_script, see set_script_timeout. | time_to_wait is the amount of time to wait(in seconds). | |
| set_page_load_timeout(time_to_wait) | This sets the amount of time to wait for a page load to complete. | time_to_wait is the amount of time to wait(in seconds) | driver.set_page_load_timeout(30) |
| set_script_timeout(time_to_wait) | This sets the amount of time that the script should wait during an execute_async_script call before throwing an error. | time_to_wait is the amount of time to wait(in seconds) | driver.set_script_timeout(30) |
WebElement類
WebElement類主要用於和元素交互，完整的屬性和方法參見：elenium.webdriver.remote.webelement
屬性列表：
| Property/attribute | Description | Example |
| size | This gets the size of the element | element.size |
| tag_name | This gets this element’ s HTML tag name | element.tag_name |
| text | This gets the text of the element | element.text |
方法列表：
| Method | Description | Argument | Example |
| clear() | This clears the content of the textbox or text area element. | element.clear() | |
| click() | This clicks the element. | element.click() | |
| get_attribute(name) | This gets the attribute value from the element. | name is the name of the attribute. | element.get_attribute(“value”) Or element.get_attribute(“maxlength”) |
| is_displayed() | This checks whether the element is visible to the user. | element.is_displayed() | |
| is_enabled() | This checks whether the element is enabled. | element.is_enabled() | |
| is_selected() | This checks whether the element is selected. This method is used to check the selection of a radio button or checkbox. | element.is_selected() | |
| send_keys(*value) | This simulates typing into the element. | Value is a string for typing or setting form fields. | element.send_keys(“foo”) |
| submit() | This submits a form. If you call this method on an element, it will submit the parent form. | element.submit() | |
| value_of_css_property(property_name) | This gets the value of a CSS property. | property_name is the name of the CSS property. | element.value_of_css_property(“backgroundcolor”) |
處理form、textbox、checkbox和radio
下面的homepagetests創建一個用戶，演示了form、textbox、checkbox和radio等操作。
register_new_user.py
from selenium import webdriver
from time import gmtime, strftime
import unittest
class RegisterNewUser(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
self.driver.maximize_window()
# navigate to the application home page
self.driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')
def test_register_new_user(self):
driver = self.driver
# click on Log In link to open Login page
driver.find_element_by_link_text('ACCOUNT').click()
driver.find_element_by_link_text('My Account').click()
# get the Create Account button
create_account_button = \
driver.find_element_by_link_text('CREATE AN ACCOUNT')
# check Create Account button is displayed and enabled
self.assertTrue(create_account_button.is_displayed() and
create_account_button.is_enabled())
# click on Create Account button. This will displayed new account
create_account_button.click()
# check title
self.assertEquals('Create New Customer Account', driver.title)
# get all the fields from Create an Account form
first_name = driver.find_element_by_id('firstname')
last_name = driver.find_element_by_id('lastname')
email_address = driver.find_element_by_id('email_address')
password = driver.find_element_by_id('password')
confirm_password = driver.find_element_by_id('confirmation')
news_letter_subscription = driver.find_element_by_id('is_subscribed')
submit_button = driver.\
find_element_by_xpath("//button[@title='Register']")
# check maxlength of first name and last name textbox
self.assertEqual('255', first_name.get_attribute('maxlength'))
self.assertEqual('255', last_name.get_attribute('maxlength'))
# check all fields are enabled
self.assertTrue(first_name.is_enabled() and last_name.is_enabled() and
email_address.is_enabled() and
news_letter_subscription.is_enabled() and
password.is_enabled() and confirm_password.is_enabled()
and submit_button.is_enabled())
# check Sign Up for Newsletter is unchecked
self.assertFalse(news_letter_subscription.is_selected())
user_name = 'user_' + strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', gmtime())
# fill out all the fields
first_name.send_keys('Test')
last_name.send_keys(user_name)
news_letter_subscription.click()
email_address.send_keys(user_name + '@example.com')
password.send_keys('tester')
confirm_password.send_keys('tester')
# click Submit button to submit the form
submit_button.click()
# check new user is registered
self.assertEqual('Hello, Test ' + user_name + '!',
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('p.hello > strong').text)
driver.find_element_by_link_text('ACCOUNT').click()
self.assertTrue(driver.find_element_by_link_text('Log Out').is_displayed())
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main(verbosity=2)執行結果：
test_register_new_user (__main__.RegisterNewUser) ... ok
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 133.117s
OK
處理dropdown和list
屬性列表：
| Property/attribute | Description | Example |
| all_selected_options | This gets a list of all the selected options belonging to the dropdown or list | select_element.all_selected_options |
| first_selected_option | This gets the first selected/currently selected option from the dropdown or list | select_element.first_selected_option |
| options | This gets a list of all options from the dropdown or list | select_element.options |
方法列表：
| Method | Description | Argument | Example |
| deselect_() | This clears all the selected entries from a multiselect dropdown or list | select_element.deselect_() | |
| deselect_by_index(index) | This deselects the option at the given index from the dropdown or list | index is the index of the option to be deselected | deselect_element.deselect_by_index(1) |
| deselect_by_value(value) | This deselects all options that have a value matching the argument from the dropdown or list | value is the value attribute of the option to be deselected | select_element.deselect_by_value(“foo”) |
| deselect_by_visible_text(text) | This deselects all the options that display text matching the argument from the dropdown or list | text is the text value of the option to be deselected | select_element.deselect_by_visible_text(“bar”) |
| select_by_index(index) | This selects an option at the given index from the dropdown or list | index is the index of the option to be selected | select_element.select_by_index(1) |
| select_by_value(value) | This selects all the options that have a value matching the argument from the dropdown or list | value is the value attribute of the option to be selected | select_element.select_by_value(“foo”) |
| select_by_visible_text(text) | This selects all the options that display the text matching the argument from the dropdown or list | text is the text value of the option to be selected | select_element.select_by_visible_text(“bar”) |
代碼文件：homepagetests.py。
from Tkinter import image_names
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
class HomePageTest(unittest.TestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
# create a new Firefox session
cls.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
cls.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
cls.driver.maximize_window()
# navigate to the application home page
cls.driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')
def test_search_text_field_max_length(self):
# get the search textbox
search_field = self.driver.find_element_by_id('search')
# check maxlength attribute is set to 128
self.assertEqual('128', search_field.get_attribute('maxlength'))
def test_search_button_enabled(self):
# get Search button
search_button = self.driver.find_element_by_class_name('button')
# check Search button is enabled
self.assertTrue(search_button.is_enabled())
def test_my_account_link_is_displayed(self):
# get the Account link
account_link = self.driver.find_element_by_link_text('ACCOUNT')
# check My Account link is displayed/visible in the Home page footer
self.assertTrue(account_link.is_displayed())
def test_account_links(self):
# get the all the links with Account text in it
account_links = self.driver.\
find_elements_by_partial_link_text('ACCOUNT')
# check Account and My Account link is
# displayed/visible in the Home page footer
self.assertEqual(2, len(account_links))
def test_count_of_promo_banners_images(self):
# get promo banner list
banner_list = self.driver.find_element_by_class_name('promos')
# get images from the banner_list
banners = banner_list.find_elements_by_tag_name('img')
# check there are 3 banners displayed on the page
self.assertEqual(3, len(banners), 3)
def test_vip_promo(self):
# get vip promo image
vip_promo = self.driver.\
find_element_by_xpath("//img[@alt='Shop Private Sales - Members Only']")
# check vip promo logo is displayed on home page
self.assertTrue(vip_promo.is_displayed())
# click on vip promo images to open the page
vip_promo.click()
# check page title
self.assertEqual('VIP', self.driver.title)
self.driver.back()
def test_shopping_cart_status(self):
# check content of My Shopping Cart block on Home page
# get the Shopping cart icon and click to open the
# Shopping Cart section
shopping_cart_icon = self.driver.\
find_element_by_css_selector('div.header-minicart span.icon')
shopping_cart_icon.click()
# get the shopping cart status
shopping_cart_status = self.driver.\
find_element_by_css_selector('p.empty').text
self.assertEqual('You have no items in your shopping cart.',
shopping_cart_status)
# close the shopping cart section
close_button = self.driver.\
find_element_by_css_selector('div.minicart-wrapper a.close')
close_button.click()
def test_language_options(self):
# list of expected values in Language dropdown
exp_options = ["ENGLISH", "FRENCH", "GERMAN"]
# empty list for capturing actual options displayed in the dropdown
act_options = []
# get the Your language dropdown as instance of Select class
select_language = \
Select(self.driver.find_element_by_id("select-language"))
# check number of options in dropdown
self.assertEqual(3, len(select_language.options))
# get options in a list
for option in select_language.options:
act_options.append(option.text)
# check expected options list with actual options list
self.assertListEqual(exp_options, act_options)
# check default selected option is English
self.assertEqual("ENGLISH",
select_language.first_selected_option.text)
# select an option using select_by_visible text
select_language.select_by_visible_text("German")
# check store is now German
self.assertTrue("store=german" in self.driver.current_url)
# changing language will refresh the page,
# we need to get find language dropdown once again
select_language = \
Select(self.driver.find_element_by_id("select-language"))
select_language.select_by_index(0)
def test_store_cookie(self):
select_language = \
Select(self.driver.find_element_by_id("select-language"))
select_language.select_by_visible_text("French")
self.assertEqual("french", self.driver.get_cookie("store")["value"])
# changing language will refresh the page,
# we need to get find language dropdown once again
select_language = \
Select(self.driver.find_element_by_id("select-language"))
select_language.select_by_index(0)
def test_css_for_home_page(self):
self.assertTrue("demo-logo.png" in
self.driver.find_element_by_css_selector("div.notice-inner")
.value_of_css_property("background-image"))
@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
# close the browser window
cls.driver.quit()
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main(verbosity=2)處理告警和彈出窗口
完整的參考地址：selenium.webdriver.common.alert
屬性列表：
| Property/attribute | Description | Example |
| text | This gets text from the alert window | alert.text |
方法列表：
| Method | Description | Argument | Example |
| accept() | This will accept the JavaScript? alert.box that is click on the OK button | alert.accept() | |
| dismiss() | This will dismiss the JavaScript? | alert.box that is click on the Cancel button | alert.dismiss() |
| send_keys(*value) | This simulates typing into the element value is a string for typing or setting form fields | alert.send_keys(“foo”) |
實例中先加入商品，然後清空商品，此時會有彈出告警。注意此處的代碼在網速較慢時，彈出窗口可能無法識別，解決方法參見下一章。
from selenium import webdriver
import unittest
class CompareProducts(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
self.driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')
def test_compare_products_removal_alert(self):
# get the search textbox
search_field = self.driver.find_element_by_name('q')
search_field.clear()
# enter search keyword and submit
search_field.send_keys('phones')
search_field.submit()
# click the Add to compare link
self.driver.\
find_element_by_link_text('Add to Compare').click()
# click on Remove this item link,
# this will display an alert to the user
self.driver.find_element_by_link_text('Clear All').click()
# switch to the alert
alert = self.driver.switch_to.alert
# get the text from alert
alert_text = alert.text
# check alert text
self.assertEqual('Are you sure you would like to remove all products from your comparison?',
alert_text)
# click on Ok button
alert.accept()
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main(verbosity=2)自動化瀏覽器瀏覽
| Method | Description | Argument | Example |
| back() | This goes one step backward in the browser history in the current session. | None | driver.back() |
| forward() | This goes one step forward in the browser history in the current session. | None | driver.forward() |
| refresh() | This refreshes the current page displayed in the browser. | None | driver.refresh() |
實例： navigation_test.py
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions
class NavigationTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
# create a new Firefox session
self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
self.driver.maximize_window()
# navigate to the application home page
self.driver.get('http://www.google.com')
def test_browser_navigation(self):
driver = self.driver
# get the search textbox
search_field = driver.find_element_by_name('q')
search_field.clear()
# enter search keyword and submit
search_field.send_keys('selenium webdriver')
search_field.submit()
se_wd_link = driver.\
find_element_by_link_text('Selenium WebDriver')
se_wd_link.click()
self.assertEqual('Selenium WebDriver', driver.title)
driver.back()
self.assertTrue(WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10)
.until(expected_conditions.title_is('selenium webdriver - Google Search')))
driver.forward()
self.assertTrue(WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10)
.until(expected_conditions.title_is('Selenium WebDriver')))
driver.refresh()
self.assertTrue(WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10)
.until(expected_conditions.title_is('Selenium WebDriver')))
def tearDown(self):
# close the browser window
self.driver.quit()
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main(verbosity=2)上面用例，因爲google被和諧，通常無法執行，僅供參考。
