Thu, 18 Oct 2007
This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
Many things perform effectively but not efficiently. To be efficient means to produce a desired effect with as little waste as possible.
經濟報道――2007年經濟學諾貝爾獎：設計更佳市場。
2007年10月18日
這是VOA特別英語的經濟報道。
許多事物行得通，但並不高效。高效即產生所需要的效果，併產生儘可能少的廢物。
How can markets be designed to make them more efficient? This is a question that the three winners of this year's Nobel Prize in economics have tried to answer. They established mechanism design theory.
It began with work by Leonid Hurwicz of the University of Minnesota in nineteen sixty. Eric Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and Roger Myerson of the University of Chicago further developed it.
市場如何設計，以便更高效？這是本年度經濟學諾貝爾將三位獲獎者試圖解決的問題，他們建立了機制設計理論。
最早由1960年明尼蘇達大學的Leonid Hurwicz率先着手；新澤西州普林斯頓的高級研究所的Eric Maskin和芝加哥大學的Roger Myerson進行了進一步的完善。
The three Americans will share the award worth about one and a half million dollars. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the winners this week.
In everyday life, there are many things that get in the way of efficient markets. There may not be true competition. Buyers and sellers may keep some information private from each other. Also, the production and use of goods may result in outcomes like pollution or social costs.
三位美國人將共享價值大約爲150萬美元的資金；瑞典皇家科學院本週宣佈獲獎者。
在日常生活中，有許多阻礙高效市場的事物；也未必有真正的競爭。買方和賣方各自保留各自的某些信息。另外，貨物的生產與使用也可產生諸如污染或社會成本的後果。
Mechanism design theory permits economists to identify situations where markets work well and where they do not. For example, it shows why an auction is generally the most efficient way to sell many kinds of goods.
In fact, experts say the theory explains why a version called a double auction is often the best way to trade. In a double auction, buyers and sellers both make price bids.
機理設計理論使經常學家確定市場運作良好的情況以及市場運作不良的情況。例如，它可以展示，拍賣在一般情況下賣出最多物品的最高效途徑。
事實上，專家們說，該理論的解釋是稱之爲雙向拍賣通常是最佳交易方式。在雙向拍賣中，買方和賣方共同競價。
The Swedish academy says the theory also explains why there is often no good market solution to providing some goods, like uncrowded roads.
Mechanism design theory is part of the wider economic idea of game theory and it has many uses -- including in political science.
瑞典皇家科學院說，該理論也可解釋爲什麼通常在提供某些產品時，並無良好的市場解決方案，比如順暢的道路。
機理設計理論是博弈論中更廣泛經濟理論的一部分 , 它可以用在許多方面 , 包括政治學。
Roger Myerson even built a mathematical model for elections. He found a voting system that he says would have helped Florida avoid its problems in the two thousand presidential election.
The Nobel Prize award ceremonies will take place on December tenth. The official name of the economics award is the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Swedish central bank created the prize in nineteen sixty-eight.
Roger Myerson甚至還建立了一個選舉的數學模型。他發現了一個投票系統 , 他說，這個系統有助於佛羅里達避免2000年總統選舉出現的問題。
諾貝爾頒獎儀式將在12月10日舉行。經常學獎的官方名稱是紀念阿爾弗雷德.諾貝爾而設立的經濟科學瑞典中央銀行獎，它是瑞典中央銀行於 1968 年設立的。
Leo Hurwicz was born in Russia in nineteen seventeen. He developed new ways to understand markets. He began his work after World War Two. At ninety years old, he is the oldest person ever to win a Nobel Prize.
And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Bob Doughty.
Leo Hurwicz 1917 年出生於俄羅斯，他提出了理解市場的新途徑。他二戰後開始研究。他今年 90 歲，是至今諾貝爾獎年紀最大的獲獎者。
這是Mario Ritter編寫的、VOA特別英語經濟報道。我是Bob Doughty。
