1. 套接字描述符
套接字是通信端點的抽象。
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol); //創建一個套接字,返回套接字的描述符
//domain確定通信的特性,type確定套接字的類型,protocol代表通信協議
int shutdown(int sockfd, int how); //套接字的通信是雙向的,它用來禁止一個套接字的I/O。
2. 尋址
i. 字節序(大小端)
TCP/IP協議棧使用大端字節序。
ii. 地址格式
const char *inet_ntop(int domain, const void *restrict addr, char *restrict str, socklen_t size);
int inet_pton(int domain, const char* restrict str, void *restrict addr); //將文本字符串轉換成網絡字節序的二進制地址,上面的函數恰恰是相反的操作
iii. 地址查詢
//找到給定計算機系統的主機信息
struct hostent *gethostent(void); //找到給定計算機系統的主機信息
void sethostent(int stayopen);
void endhostent(void);
//獲得網絡名字和網絡編號
struct netent *getnetbyaddr(unit32_t net, int type);
struct netent *getnetbyname(const char* name);
struct netent *getnetent(void);
void setnetent(int stayopen);
void endnetent(void);
//在協議名字和協議編號之間進行映射
struct protoent *getprotobyname(const char *name);
struct protoent *getprotobynumber(int proto);
struct protoent *getprotoent(void);
void setprotoent(int stayopen);
void endprotoent(void);
//服務是由地址的端口號部分表示的。每一個服務由一個唯一的衆所周知的端口號來支持。
struct servent *getservbyname(const char *name, const char *proto);
struct servent *getservbyport(int port, const char *proto); //是不是寫錯了
struct servent *getservent(void);
void setservent(int stayopen);
void endservent(void);
//將一個主機名和服務名映射到一個地址
int getaddrinfo(const char *restrict host, const char *restrict service, const struct addrinfo *restrict hint, struct addrinfo **restrict res); //若出錯返回錯誤碼
const char *gai_strerror(int error); //將返回的錯誤碼轉換成錯誤消息
void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai); //釋放
int getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *restrict addr, socklen_t alen, char *restrict host, socklen_t hostlen, char *restrict service, socklen_t servlen, int flags); //將一個地址名轉換成一個主機名和服務名
iX. 將套接字與地址關聯
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len); //使用bind函數關聯地址和套接字
int getsockname(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *restrict addr, socklen_t *restrict alenp); //發現綁定到套接字上的地址
//如果套接字已經和對等方連接,調用getpeername來找到對方的地址
int getpeername(int sockfd, strcut sockaddr *restrict addr, socklen_t *restrict alenp);
3. 建立連接
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len); //客戶端與服務器端進行連接
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog); //服務器告知願意接受連接請求
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *restrict addr, socklen_t *restrict len); //服務器調用了listen沒所用的套接字就能接受連接請求,使用accept獲得連接請求並進行連接。
4. 數據傳輸
ssize_t send(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes, int flags); //發送數據,要求套接字必須已經連接
ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes, int flags, const struct sockaddr *destaddr, socklen_t destlen); //可以在無連接的套接字上面加上一個目標地址
ssize_t sendmsg(int scokfd, const struct msghdr *msg, int flag); //跟writev函數類似
ssize_t recv(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, int flags); //跟read相似,但是可以指定標誌來控制如何接收數據
ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, void *restrict buf, size_t len, int flags, struct sockaddr *restrict addr, socklen_t *restrict addrlen); //得到數據發送者的源地址
ssize_t recvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr *msg, int flags); //類似於readv
//面向連接的客戶端,客戶端從系統的uptime命令獲得輸出
#include "apue.h"
#include <netdb.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#define BUFLEN 128
extern int connect_retry(int, int, int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
void print_uptime(int sockfd)
{
int n;
char buf[BUFLEN];
while((n = recv(sockfd, buf, BUFLEN, 0)) > 0)
write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);
if(n < 0)
err_sys("recv error");
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct addrinfo *alist, *aip;
struct addrinfo hint;
int sockfd, err;
if(argc != 2)
err_quit("usage: ruptime hostname");
memset(&hint, 0, sizeof(hint));
hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
hint.ai_canonname = NULL;
hint.ai_addr = NULL;
hint.ai_next = NULL;
if((err = getaddrinfo(argv[1], "ruptime", &hint, &alist)) != 0)
err_quit("getaddrinfo error: %s", gai_strerror(err));
for(aip = alist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next) {
if((sockfd = connect_retry(aip->ai_family, SOCK_STREAM, 0, aip->ai_addr, aip->ai_addrlen)) < 0) {
err = errno;
} else{
print_uptime(sockfd);
exit(0);
}
}
err_exit(err, "can't connect to %s", argv[1]);
}
//面向連接的服務器
#include "apue.h"
#include <netdb.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#define BUFLEN 128
#define QLEN 10
#ifndef HOST_NAME_MAX
#define HOST_NAME_MAX 256
#endif
extern int initserver(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, int);
void serve(int sockfd)
{
int clfd;
FILE *fp;
char buf[BUFLEN];
set_cloexec(sockfd); //???
for(;;) {
if((clfd = accept(sockfd, NULL, NULL)) < 0){
syslog(LOG_ERR, "ruptime: accept error: %s", strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
set_cloexec(clfd);
if((fp = popen("/usr/bin/uptime", "r")) == NULL) {
sprintf(buf, "error: %s\n", strerror(errno));
send(clfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
} else {
while(fgets(buf, BUFLEN, fp) != NULL)
send(clfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
pclose(fp);
}
close(clfd);
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct addrinfo *alist, *aip;
struct addrinfo hint;
int sockfd, err, n;
char *host;
if(argc != 1)
err_quit("usage: ruptimed");
if((n = sysconf(_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX)) < 0)
n = HOST_NAME_MAX;
if((host = malloc(n)) == NULL)
err_sys("malloc error");
if(gethostname(host, n) < 0)
err_sys("gethostname error");
daemonize("ruptimed");
memset(&hint, 0, sizeof(hint));
hint.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME;
hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
hint.ai_canonname = NULL;
hint.ai_addr = NULL;
hint.ai_next = NULL;
if((err = getaddrinfo(host, "ruptime", &hint, &alist)) != 0) {
syslog(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: getaddrinfo error: %s", gai_strerror(err));
exit(1);
}
for(aip = alist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next) {
if((sockfd = initserver(SOCK_STREAM, aip->ai_addr, aip->ai_addrlen, QLEN)) >= 0) {
serve(sockfd);
exit(0);
}
}
exit(1);
}
//無連接的客戶端
#include "apue.h"
#include <netdb.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#define BUFLEN 128
#define TIMEOUT 20
void sigalrm(int signo)
{
}
void print_uptime(int sockfd, struct addrinfo *aip)
{
int n;
char buf[BUFLEN];
buf[0] = 0;
if(sendto(sockfd, buf, 1, 0, aip->ai_addr, aip->ai_addrlen) < 0)
err_sys("sendto error");
alarm(TIMEOUT);
if((n = recvfrom(sockfd, buf, BUFLEN, 0, NULL, NULL)) < 0) {
if(errno != EINTR)
alarm(0);
err_sys("recv error");
}
alarm(0);
write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct addrinfo *alist, *aip;
struct addrinfo hint;
struct sigaction sa;
int sockfd, err;
if(argc != 2)
err_quit("usage: ruptime hostname");
sa.sa_handler = sigalrm;
sa.sa_flags = 0;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
if(sigaction(SIGALRM, &sa, NULL) < 0)
err_sys("sigaction error");
memset(&hint, 0, sizeof(hint));
hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;
hint.ai_canonname = NULL;
hint.ai_addr = NULL;
hint.ai_next = NULL;
if((err = getaddrinfo(argv[1], "ruptime", &hint, &alist)) != 0)
err_quit("getaddrinfo error %s", gai_strerror(err));
for(aip = alist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next) {
if((sockfd = socket(aip->ai_family, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) {
err = errno;
} else {
print_uptime(sockfd, aip);
exit(0);
}
}
fprintf(stderr, "can't contact %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(err));
exit(1);
}
//無連接的服務器#include "apue.h"
#include <netdb.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#define BUFLEN 128
#define MAXADDRLEN 256
#ifndef HOST_NAME_MAX
#define HOST_NAME_MAX 256
#endif
extern int initserver(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, int);
void serve(int sockfd)
{
int n;
socklen_t alen;
FILE *fp;
char buf[BUFLEN], abuf[MAXADDRLEN];
struct sockaddr *addr = (struct sockaddr *)abuf;
set_cloexec(sockfd);
for(;;) {
alen = MAXADDRLEN;
if((n = recvfrom(sockfd, buf, BUFLEN, 0, addr, &alen)) < 0) {
syslog(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: recvfrom error: %s", strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
if((fp = popen("/usr/bin/uptime", "r")) == NULL) {
sprintf(buf, "error: %s\n", strerror(errno));
sendto(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0, addr, alen);
} else {
if(fgets(buf, BUFLEN, fp) != NULL)
sendto(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0, addr, alen);pclose(fp);
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct addrinfo *alist, *aip;
struct addrinfo hint;
int sockfd, err, n;
char *host;
if(argc != 1)
err_quit("usage: ruptimed");
if((n = sysconf(_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX)) < 0)
n = HOST_NAME_MAX;
if((host = malloc(n)) == NULL)
err_sys("malloc error");
if(gethostname(host, n) < 0)
err_sys("gethostname error");
daemonize("ruptimed");
memset(&hint, 0, sizeof(hint));
hint.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME;
hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;
hint.ai_canonname = NULL;
hint.ai_addr = NULL;
hint.ai_next = NULL;
if((err = getaddrinfo(host, "ruptime", &hint, &alist)) != 0) {
syslog(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: getaddrinfo error: %s", gai_strerror(err));
exit(1);
}
for(aip = alist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next) {
if((sockfd = initserver(SOCK_DGRAM, aip->ai_addr, aip->ai_addrlen, 0)) >= 0) {
serve(sockfd);
exit(0);
}
}
exit(1);
}
5. 套接字選項
int setsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int option, const void *val, socklen_t len); //設置套接字選項
int getsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int option, void *restrict val, socklen_t *restrict lenp); //查看選項的當前值
6. 帶外數據
int sockatmark(int sockfd); //判斷是否已經到達晉級標記;在標記處,返回1;不在標記處返回0;出錯返回-1。
7. 非阻塞和異步I/O