Oracle10g常用語句

 

1.  數據類型:

       字符類型:char(標準通用拉丁字符),nchar(漢字等其他字符),varchar2(長度可變長字符),nvarchar2,long;

數字類型:number(通用),integer,float

日期和時間:date,timestamps(分秒,時區)

行:rowid(邏輯地址),urowid(邏輯地址,內存地址);

二進制:raw(size)(原始二進制數據),long raw,blob(二進制大型對象;最大4G字節),clob(字符大型對象),nclob,bfile;

2.oracle WEB管理頁面:localhost:5560/isqlplus; localhost:5500/em

3.net設置遠程測試:tnsping datebasename;遠程連接:sqlplus name/password@datebasename;

4.創建表空間:create tablespace test

datafile 'test.dbf' size 10m autoextend on next 2m

maxsize unlimited

logging

permanent

extent management local autoallocate

blocksize 8k

segment space management manuaL;//段空間

5.創建用戶並連接: create user "TEST" identified by "TEST"

default tablespace TEST

temporary tablespace TEMP

quota unlimited on TEST

quota unlimited on TEMP

grant "connect" to test//分配基本權限。

conn test/test;

6.重設用戶密碼:

      scott/tiger爲默認用戶,

      alter user scott identified by tiger;

      解鎖:alter user scott account unlock;

7.sql腳本的執行:@路徑/filename.sql;

8.創建表:create table t1(c1 type 約束,c2 type 約束(not null,unique,check,primary key))

9.查詢:select distinct c1 from t1 where 條件 group by c1 having by 子條件order by c1;

10.連接字符串:select c1 (as可省) 列1 ||c2 from t1;

11.單行函數:select lower(c1) from t1;upper全大寫,initcap第一個字母大寫,length;

12.select Sysdate from dual(系統默認的空表)顯示系統時間,months_between(date,date);

13.round(數據,5位數),to_date(1997-10-11,’yyyy-mm-dd’),to_char()函數使用要轉換。

14.nvl(c1,0)把字段爲空的值換爲0,nvl2(c1,1,0)不空的爲1,空的值爲0;

15.操作符:

    比較:=,<>,>=,<=,>,<;邏輯:and,or,not

    其他:in/not in,between..and..,is null/is not null,like,exists/not exists;

     Eg:select count(distinct c1) as 種類 from t1 where c1 like ‘%l%’(模糊查詢如m_n)(c1 between 10 and 100) group by c1 order by c1 desc,c2 desc(不寫就默認asc)

16.聚合函數:count(*)返回所有行的記錄數,min(c1),max(c1),sum(c1),avg(c1);

Eg:select c1,count(*) from t1 group by c1 having by count(*)>1;(having不能用變量申明);等價於select c1,count(*) as cn from t1 group by c1 where cn>1;

17.聲明主鍵和check:一.create table t1(c1 primary key)

二.創建表的時候指定限制的名稱:create table t1(c1  constraint pk_emp primary key);

三:create table t1(emp_no number not null , constraint pk_emp primary key(emp_no)); 爲已經存在的表增加主鍵:alter table t1 add constraint pk_emp2 primary key (c1);

創建check: create table t1(budget number(7),constraint CHK_PROJ check(budget>10000 and budget<1000000))

18.創建外鍵: create table t1(dept_no varchar2(4) not null, constraint fk_emp foreign key (dept_no) references t2(dept_no), 對已經存在表創建外鍵:alter table t1

add constraint foreign_work_emp foreign key(c1) references t2(c1);

  刪除一個外鍵alter table t1 drop constraint foreign_work_emp;

19.刪除表:drop table t1; 查看回收站:show recyclebin; 清空回收站 purge recyclebin;

從回收站中恢復數據表:flashback table t1 to before drop;

20.更新數據操作:插入記錄:insert into t1(c1,c2)values(‘’,’’);

插入一字段:insert into t1(c1,c2) select c3,c4 from t2;

更新記錄:update t1   set c1=’’ where ;

刪除記錄:delete from t1 where;truncate table t1;drop table t1;

21.合併查詢:intersect(select * intersect select *),union(去掉空),union all(包括空),minus(減集);

22.多表查詢:select * from t1,t2;(笛卡爾集c1行*c2行);select * from t1 join t2 using(num);等價於select * from t1 inner join t2 on(t1.no=t2.no);join邏輯連接,只連接有聯繫的字段,full join物理機械連接,out join,left out join(右邊變成空),right out join;

23.控制語句:select emp_no, case project_no

  when 'p1' then case when enter_date<to_date('1997-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')then '三室'

  when enter_date>to_date('1998-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')then '等兩年'//時間非字段時間型

       else '兩室一廳'end

  when 'p2' then case when enter_date<to_date('1997-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')

       then '三室兩廳' when enter_date>to_date('1998-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')

       then '看情況再分' else ' 一室一廳'end

end as 分房情況from works_on;

if then end if,loop end loop,declare type *,while( )loop end loop,case when then end

24.嵌套查詢select c1 from t1 where c2 in(select c2 from t2 where c3=(select c3 from t3))

25.Pl/sql語言:

    模塊語法和流程控制:(頭控制符沒有標點;尾控制符都有;)

26.序列Sequence.

          create sequence se_1  increment by 1  start with 100

maxvalue 999999 //minvalue n --表示序列可以生成的最小值(降序).  cycle;//到頭自動循環

          查看:select se_1.nextval from dual;

                    select se_1.currval from dual;(必先next初始化)

          使用:create table stu1(stu_no number(10) not null,stu_name varchar2(20) not null);

                   insert into stu1(stu_no,stu_name) values(se_1.nextval,'joi');

          修改序列:alter sequence <sequencen_name>//start with 語句不能用了,否則重複定義

          刪除序號:drop sequence <sequence_name>;

          自動序列:rownum

                select * from t1 where rownum<5;

               select * from(select rownum as a,e.* from t1 e)where a=3//單行必先關聯,e爲表的別名

27.創建視圖

       create or replace view v1 as

使用視圖:select * from v1;

28.創建函數:

       create or replace function get_maxe_empno return varchar2   is

           begin  //可執行語句

               select max(emp_no) into tmpvar from employee;//把取出的值賦給一個變量

               return tmpvar;//函數的重要特徵就是通過return語句來傳遞參數

             end get_maxe_empno;

        使用:select get_maxe_empno() from dual;

        數字字典:select distinct(name) from user_source where type='FUNCTION'

        從數字字典裏查找信息:select text from all_source where name='GET_MAXE_EMPNO';

        刪除函數:drop function get_maxe_empno;

29.過程:

       create or replace procedure sp_test

(fname in varchar2, update_count out int)//參數列表是過程的特徵  is

             cursor emp_cursor//定義遊標

            is

            select emp_no from employee where employee.emp_fname=fname;//輸入in

        begin        //   可執行語句

    update_count:=0;

    for emp_rec in emp_cursor

    loop

            update employee set emp_fname=emp_lname,emp_lname=fname

    where employee.emp_no=emp_rec.emp_no;update_count:=update_count+1;

    end loop;commit;//控制語句,強制執行

        end;//過程可以有in/out變量

         查看過程:

                  select distinct(name) from user_source where type='PROCEDURE'

                  select text from all_source where name='SP_TEST' order by line;

         使用過程:

                 declare fname varchar2(200);

update_count number;

begin

fname:='John';update_count:=0;

sp_test(fname,update_count);commit;dbms_output.put_line(update_count);

end;

declare icount number;

begin

icount :=0;

for mycount in reverse 0..10//mycount 爲自定義變量

---while(icount<100)

Loop   icount :=icount+10;

---exit when(icount>100);

if(mycount>5) then

  dbms_output.put_line('result='||icount);//流程輸出語句

end if;

end loop;

end; //(set serverout on才能輸出)tmpvar varchar2(20);//局部變量聲明

30.觸發器:create or replace trigger tgr_emp_change

after insert or update or delete on employee

     referencing new as n old as o// :new爲引用最新列值; :old爲引用以前列值;

   for each row

begin

      if inserting then

     insert into emp_update_info(emp_no,oper_type) values(:n.emp_no,1);

     end if;

     if updating then  // updating爲觸發器的操作符;

     insert into emp_update_info(emp_no,oper_type) values(:o.emp_no,3);

     end if;

end;

建表:create table emp_update_info(emp_no varchar2(20) not null,oper_type integer);

查看trigger:select distinct( name ) from user_source where type='TRIGGER';

對employee的操作就自動出發的emp_update_info

31.聲明包:create or replace package pkg_test as

function get_max_empno   return varchar2;//子程序說明,公共對象聲明

procedure sp_test(fname in varchar2,update_count out int);

end pkg_test;

創建包體:create or replace package body pkg_test  as // is也行

          function get_max_empno return varchar2   as //公共類型與對象聲明

           tmpvar    varchar2(20);//公共類型和對象聲明,  

        begin   // 語句體中是初始化語句,特殊用途

           select max(emp_no) into tmpvar from employee; return tmpvar;

        end get_max_empno;

         //子程序主體部分

          procedure sp_test(fname in varchar2,update_count out int) is

           cursor emp_cursor  is

           select emp_no from employee where employee.emp_fname = fname;

          begin

           update_count := 0;

           for emp_rec in emp_cursor

           loop

           update employee set emp_fname = emp_lname, emp_lname = fname

           where employee.emp_no = emp_rec.emp_no;

           update_count := update_count + 1;

           end loop;

           commit;//強制執行

  end;

end pkg_test;

查看定義的package:select distinct( name ) from user_source where type='PACKAGE'

使用package中的對象:select pkg_test.get_max_empno from dual;

32.數據庫設計:業務規則和流程—實體和關係—ER圖(一對一,一對多,出現多對多進行拆分)—SQL語句—視圖和索引—儲存過程和觸發器—維護。

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