低功耗蓝牙包括的术语及概念:
如上图所示,使用低功耗蓝牙可以包括多个Profile,一个Profile中有多个Service,一个Service中有多个Characteristic,一个Characteristic中包括一个value和多个Descriptor。
Android中进行蓝牙开发需要使用到的类的执行过程是:
1、使用BluetoothAdapter.startLeScan来扫描低功耗蓝牙设备
2、在扫描到设备的回调函数中会得到BluetoothDevice对象,并使用BluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan停止扫描
3、使用BluetoothDevice.connectGatt来获取到BluetoothGatt对象
4、执行BluetoothGatt.discoverServices,这个方法是异步操作,在回调函数onServicesDiscovered中得到status,通过判断status是否等于BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS来判断查找Service是否成功
5、如果成功了,则通过BluetoothGatt.getService来获取BluetoothGattService
6、接着通过BluetoothGattService.getCharacteristic获取BluetoothGattCharacteristic
7、然后通过BluetoothGattCharacteristic.getDescriptor获取BluetoothGattDescriptor
Android Bluetooth源码静态类图如下:
使用低功耗蓝牙需要用到的权限:
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<uses-permission android:name= "android.permission.BLUETOOTH" /> <uses-permission android:name= "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" /> |
下面介绍怎样使用BLE:
1、准备BLE
1)获取BluetoothAdapter
BluetoothAdapter是从系统服务获取到的,全系统就一个。
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// Initializes Bluetooth adapter. final BluetoothManager bluetoothManager = (BluetoothManager) getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE); mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter(); |
2)检测蓝牙是否打开
如果蓝牙未打开,系统会自动打开,会弹出系统框展示打开蓝牙。
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private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter; ... // Ensures Bluetooth is available on the device and it is enabled. If not, // displays a dialog requesting user permission to enable Bluetooth. if (mBluetoothAdapter == null || !mBluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()) { Intent enableBtIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE); startActivityForResult(enableBtIntent, REQUEST_ENABLE_BT); } |
2、查找BLE设备
因为扫描BLE设备是电源密集型操作,浪费电量,因此要保证以下原则:
1)扫描到需要的设备后,马上停止扫描;
2)给扫描一个时间限制
扫描示例代码如下:
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/** * Activity for scanning and displaying available BLE devices. */ public class DeviceScanActivity extends ListActivity { private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter; private boolean mScanning; private Handler mHandler; // Stops scanning after 10 seconds. private static final long SCAN_PERIOD = 10000 ; ... private void scanLeDevice( final boolean enable) { if (enable) { // Stops scanning after a pre-defined scan period. mHandler.postDelayed( new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { mScanning = false ; mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback); } }, SCAN_PERIOD); mScanning = true ; mBluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(mLeScanCallback); } else { mScanning = false ; mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback); } ... } ... } |
如果只是要扫描到特定类型的设备,则使用接口 startLeScan(UUID[],
BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback),通过UUID来查找设备。
扫描回调的代码如下所示:
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private LeDeviceListAdapter mLeDeviceListAdapter; ... // Device scan callback. private BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback = new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() { @Override public void onLeScan( final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi, byte [] scanRecord) { runOnUiThread( new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { mLeDeviceListAdapter.addDevice(device); mLeDeviceListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged(); } }); } }; |
注意:我们既可以扫描BLE设备,也可以扫描普通蓝牙设备,也可以同时将BLE设备和普通蓝牙设备一起扫描到。
3、连接到GATT Server
获取到BluetoothGatt实例,
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mBluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt( this , false , mGattCallback); |
具体实例如下:
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// A service that interacts with the BLE device via the Android BLE API. public class BluetoothLeService extends Service { private final static String TAG = BluetoothLeService. class .getSimpleName(); private BluetoothManager mBluetoothManager; private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter; private String mBluetoothDeviceAddress; private BluetoothGatt mBluetoothGatt; private int mConnectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED; private static final int STATE_DISCONNECTED = 0 ; private static final int STATE_CONNECTING = 1 ; private static final int STATE_CONNECTED = 2 ; public final static String ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED = "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED" ; public final static String ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED = "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED" ; public final static String ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED = "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED" ; public final static String ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE = "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE" ; public final static String EXTRA_DATA = "com.example.bluetooth.le.EXTRA_DATA" ; public final static UUID UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT = UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT); // Various callback methods defined by the BLE API. private final BluetoothGattCallback mGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() { @Override public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) { String intentAction; if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) { intentAction = ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED; mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTED; broadcastUpdate(intentAction); Log.i(TAG, "Connected to GATT server." ); Log.i(TAG, "Attempting to start service discovery:" + mBluetoothGatt.discoverServices()); } else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) { intentAction = ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED; mConnectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED; Log.i(TAG, "Disconnected from GATT server." ); broadcastUpdate(intentAction); } } @Override // New services discovered public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) { if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) { broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED); } else { Log.w(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: " + status); } } @Override // Result of a characteristic read operation public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) { if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) { broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic); } } ... }; ... } |
其中,discoverService方式是异步的,它的回调方法是上面代码中的onServiceDiscovered。
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private void broadcastUpdate( final String action) { final Intent intent = new Intent(action); sendBroadcast(intent); } private void broadcastUpdate( final String action, final BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) { final Intent intent = new Intent(action); // This is special handling for the Heart Rate Measurement profile. Data // parsing is carried out as per profile specifications. if (UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT.equals(characteristic.getUuid())) { int flag = characteristic.getProperties(); int format = - 1 ; if ((flag & 0x01 ) != 0 ) { format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16; Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16." ); } else { format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8; Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8." ); } final int heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1 ); Log.d(TAG, String.format( "Received heart rate: %d" , heartRate)); intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, String.valueOf(heartRate)); } else { // For all other profiles, writes the data formatted in HEX. final byte [] data = characteristic.getValue(); if (data != null && data.length > 0 ) { final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(data.length); for ( byte byteChar : data) stringBuilder.append(String.format( "%02X " , byteChar)); intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, new String(data) + "\n" + stringBuilder.toString()); } } sendBroadcast(intent); } |
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// Handles various events fired by the Service. // ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED: connected to a GATT server. // ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED: disconnected from a GATT server. // ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED: discovered GATT services. // ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE: received data from the device. This can be a // result of read or notification operations. private final BroadcastReceiver mGattUpdateReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() { @Override public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) { final String action = intent.getAction(); if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED.equals(action)) { mConnected = true ; updateConnectionState(R.string.connected); invalidateOptionsMenu(); } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED.equals(action)) { mConnected = false ; updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected); invalidateOptionsMenu(); clearUI(); } else if (BluetoothLeService. ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) { // Show all the supported services and characteristics on the // user interface. displayGattServices(mBluetoothLeService.getSupportedGattServices()); } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE.equals(action)) { displayData(intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothLeService.EXTRA_DATA)); } } }; |
4、读BLE属性
一旦获取到GATT的Services,就可以读写他们的属性了,实例如下:
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public class DeviceControlActivity extends Activity { ... // Demonstrates how to iterate through the supported GATT // Services/Characteristics. // In this sample, we populate the data structure that is bound to the // ExpandableListView on the UI. private void displayGattServices(List<BluetoothGattService> gattServices) { if (gattServices == null ) return ; String uuid = null ; String unknownServiceString = getResources(). getString(R.string.unknown_service); String unknownCharaString = getResources(). getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic); ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattServiceData = new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>(); ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> gattCharacteristicData = new ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>>(); mGattCharacteristics = new ArrayList<ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>>(); // Loops through available GATT Services. for (BluetoothGattService gattService : gattServices) { HashMap<String, String> currentServiceData = new HashMap<String, String>(); uuid = gattService.getUuid().toString(); currentServiceData.put( LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes. lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString)); currentServiceData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid); gattServiceData.add(currentServiceData); ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattCharacteristicGroupData = new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>(); List<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> gattCharacteristics = gattService.getCharacteristics(); ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> charas = new ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>(); // Loops through available Characteristics. for (BluetoothGattCharacteristic gattCharacteristic : gattCharacteristics) { charas.add(gattCharacteristic); HashMap<String, String> currentCharaData = new HashMap<String, String>(); uuid = gattCharacteristic.getUuid().toString(); currentCharaData.put( LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid, unknownCharaString)); currentCharaData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid); gattCharacteristicGroupData.add(currentCharaData); } mGattCharacteristics.add(charas); gattCharacteristicData.add(gattCharacteristicGroupData); } ... } ... } |
在获取Service的时候,每个蓝牙设备都会有两个默认的Service,它们和对应的UUID分别如下:
Bluetooth Generic Access Profile {00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb}
Bluetooth Generic Attribute Profile {00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB}
5、收到GATT通知
如果设备主动给手机发信息,则可以通过notification的方式,这种方式不用手机去轮询地读设备上的数据。手机可以用如下方式给设备设置notification功能。
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private BluetoothGatt mBluetoothGatt; BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic; boolean enabled; ... mBluetoothGatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enabled); ... BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor( UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIG)); descriptor.setValue(BluetoothGattDescriptor.ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE); mBluetoothGatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor); |
如果notificaiton方式对于某个Characteristic是enable的,那么当设备上的这个Characteristic改变时,手机上的
onCharacteristicChanged()
回调就会被促发。如下所示:
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@Override // Characteristic notification public void onCharacteristicChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) { broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic); } |
6、关闭客户端蓝牙
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public void close() { if (mBluetoothGatt == null ) { return ; } mBluetoothGatt.close(); mBluetoothGatt = null ; } |