在程序中，可能需要爲某些整數定義一個別名，我們可以利用預處理指令#define來完成這項工作，您的代碼可能是：
#define MON 1
#define TUE 2
#define WED 3
#define THU 4
#define FRI 5
#define SAT 6
#define SUN 7
在此，我們定義一種新的數據類型，希望它能完成同樣的工作。這種新的數據類型叫枚舉型。
1. 定義一種新的數據類型 - 枚舉型
以下代碼定義了這種新的數據類型 - 枚舉型
enum DAY
{
MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
(1) 枚舉型是一個集合，集合中的元素(枚舉成員)是一些命名的整型常量，元素之間用逗號,隔開。
(2) DAY是一個標識符，可以看成這個集合的名字，是一個可選項，即是可有可無的項。
(3) 第一個枚舉成員的默認值爲整型的0，後續枚舉成員的值在前一個成員上加1。
(4) 可以人爲設定枚舉成員的值，從而自定義某個範圍內的整數。
(5) 枚舉型是預處理指令#define的替代。
(6) 類型定義以分號;結束。
2. 使用枚舉類型對變量進行聲明
新的數據類型定義完成後，它就可以使用了。我們已經見過最基本的數據類型，如：整型int, 單精度浮點型float, 雙精度浮點型double, 字符型char, 短整型short等等。用這些基本數據類型聲明變量通常是這樣：
char a; //變量a的類型均爲字符型char
char letter;
int x,
y,
z; //變量x,y和z的類型均爲整型int
int number;
double m, n;
double result; //變量result的類型爲雙精度浮點型double
既然枚舉也是一種數據類型，那麼它和基本數據類型一樣也可以對變量進行聲明。
方法一：枚舉類型的定義和變量的聲明分開
enum DAY
{
MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
enum DAY yesterday;
enum DAY today;
enum DAY tomorrow; //變量tomorrow的類型爲枚舉型enum DAY
enum DAY good_day, bad_day; //變量good_day和bad_day的類型均爲枚舉型enum DAY
方法二：類型定義與變量聲明同時進行：
enum //跟第一個定義不同的是，此處的標號DAY省略，這是允許的。
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; //變量workday的類型爲枚舉型enum DAY
enum week { Mon=1, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri Sat, Sun} days; //變量days的類型爲枚舉型enum week
enum BOOLEAN { false, true } end_flag, match_flag; //定義枚舉類型並聲明瞭兩個枚舉型變量
方法三：用typedef關鍵字將枚舉類型定義成別名，並利用該別名進行變量聲明：
typedef enum workday
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; //此處的workday爲枚舉型enum workday的別名
workday today, tomorrow; //變量today和tomorrow的類型爲枚舉型workday，也即enum workday
enum workday中的workday可以省略：
typedef enum
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; //此處的workday爲枚舉型enum workday的別名
workday today, tomorrow; //變量today和tomorrow的類型爲枚舉型workday，也即enum workday
也可以用這種方式：
typedef enum workday
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
};
workday today, tomorrow; //變量today和tomorrow的類型爲枚舉型workday，也即enum workday
注意：同一個程序中不能定義同名的枚舉類型，不同的枚舉類型中也不能存在同名的命名常量。錯誤示例如下所示：
錯誤聲明一：存在同名的枚舉類型
typedef enum
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday;
typedef enum WEEK
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
} workday;
錯誤聲明二：存在同名的枚舉成員
typedef enum
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday_1;
typedef enum WEEK
{
wednesday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
} workday_2;
3. 使用枚舉類型的變量
3.1 對枚舉型的變量賦值。
實例將枚舉類型的賦值與基本數據類型的賦值進行了對比：
方法一：先聲明變量，再對變量賦值
#include<stdio.h>
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
int x, y, z;
x = 10;
y = 20;
z = 30;
enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday = MON;
today = TUE;
tomorrow = WED;
printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
方法二：聲明變量的同時賦初值
#include <stdio.h>
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
int x=10, y=20, z=30;
enum DAY yesterday = MON,
today = TUE,
tomorrow = WED;
printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
方法三：定義類型的同時聲明變量，然後對變量賦值。
#include <stdio.h>
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN } yesterday, today, tomorrow;
int x, y, z;
void main()
{
x = 10; y = 20; z = 30;
yesterday = MON;
today = TUE;
tomorrow = WED;
printf("%d %d %d \n", x, y, z); //輸出：10 20 30
printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //輸出：1 2 3
}
方法四：類型定義，變量聲明，賦初值同時進行。
#include <stdio.h>
enum DAY
{
MON=1,
TUE,
WED,
THU,
FRI,
SAT,
SUN
}
yesterday = MON, today = TUE, tomorrow = WED;
int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;
void main()
{
printf("%d %d %d \n", x, y, z); //輸出：10 20 30
printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //輸出：1 2 3
}
3.2 對枚舉型的變量賦整數值時，需要進行類型轉換。
#include <stdio.h>
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday = TUE;
today = (enum DAY) (yesterday + 1); //類型轉換
tomorrow = (enum DAY) 30; //類型轉換
//tomorrow = 3; //錯誤
printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //輸出：2 3 30
}
3.3 使用枚舉型變量
#include<stdio.h>
enum
{
BELL = '\a',
BACKSPACE = '\b',
HTAB = '\t',
RETURN = '\r',
NEWLINE = '\n',
VTAB = '\v',
SPACE = ' '
};
enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0, TRUE } match_flag;
void main()
{
int index = 0;
int count_of_letter = 0;
int count_of_space = 0;
char str[] = "I'm Ely efod";
match_flag = FALSE;
for(; str[index] != '\0'; index++)
if( SPACE != str[index] )
count_of_letter++;
else
{
match_flag = (enum BOOLEAN) 1;
count_of_space++;
}
printf("%s %d times %c", match_flag ? "match" : "not match", count_of_space, NEWLINE);
printf("count of letters: %d %c%c", count_of_letter, NEWLINE, RETURN);
}
輸出：
match 2 times
count of letters: 10
Press any key to continue
4. 枚舉類型與sizeof運算符
#include <stdio.h>
enum escapes
{
BELL = '\a',
BACKSPACE = '\b',
HTAB = '\t',
RETURN = '\r',
NEWLINE = '\n',
VTAB = '\v',
SPACE = ' '
};
enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0, TRUE } match_flag;
void main()
{
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(enum escapes)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(escapes)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(enum BOOLEAN)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(BOOLEAN)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(match_flag)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(SPACE)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(NEWLINE)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(FALSE)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(0)); //4 bytes
}
enum是基本數據類型,相當於UINT,
5. 綜合舉例
#include<stdio.h>
enum Season
{
spring, summer=100, fall=96, winter
};
typedef enum
{
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday
}
Weekday;
void main()
{
printf("%d \n", spring); // 0
printf("%d, %c \n", summer, summer); // 100, d
printf("%d \n", fall+winter); // 193
Season mySeason=winter;
if(winter==mySeason)
printf("mySeason is winter \n"); // mySeason is winter
int x=100;
if(x==summer)
printf("x is equal to summer\n"); // x is equal to summer
printf("%d bytes\n", sizeof(spring)); // 4 bytes
printf("sizeof Weekday is: %d \n", sizeof(Weekday)); //sizeof Weekday is: 4
Weekday today = Saturday;
Weekday tomorrow;
if(today == Monday)
tomorrow = Tuesday;
else
tomorrow = (Weekday) (today + 1); //remember to convert from int to Weekday
}