Java NIO寫事件處理技巧

問題背景

OP_WRITE事件是在Socket發送緩衝區中的可用字節數大於或等於其低水位標記SO_SNDLOWAT時發生。正常情況下,都是可寫的,因此一般不註冊寫事件。所以一般代碼如下:

while (bb.hasRemaining()) {
     int len = socketChannel.write(bb);
     if (len < 0) {
      throw new EOFException();
    }
}

這樣在大部分情況都沒問題,但是高併發,並且在網絡環境很差的情況下,發送緩衝區可能會滿,導致無限循環,這樣最終會導致CPU利用率100%。下面就看看一些基於NIO的框架,是如何處理這個問題的。

Spymemcached的處理方式:

  private void handleWrites(SelectionKey sk, MemcachedNode qa)
    throws IOException {
    // 填充寫緩衝區
    qa.fillWriteBuffer(shouldOptimize);
    boolean canWriteMore = qa.getBytesRemainingToWrite() > 0;
    while (canWriteMore) {
      int wrote = qa.writeSome();
      qa.fillWriteBuffer(shouldOptimize);
      // 如果wrote等於零,表示沒有寫出數據,那麼不再嘗試寫,等待下次線程外層循環註冊write事件
      canWriteMore = wrote > 0 && qa.getBytesRemainingToWrite() > 0;
    }

public final int writeSome() throws IOException {
    int wrote = channel.write(wbuf);
    // 寫入多少個字節,toWrite就減去對應的數量
    toWrite -= wrote;
    return wrote;
}

public final int getSelectionOps() {
    int rv = 0;
    if (getChannel().isConnected()) {
      if (hasReadOp()) {
        rv |= SelectionKey.OP_READ;
      }
      // 如果toWrite大於0,說明由於某種異常原因上次寫入還未完成;hasWriteOp()用於判斷寫隊列是否還有元素。這兩種情況下,需要註冊寫事件。本文討論的是toWrite>0的情況。
      if (toWrite > 0 || hasWriteOp()) {
        rv |= SelectionKey.OP_WRITE;
      }
    } else {
      rv = SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
    }
    return rv;
}

說明:Spymemcached是單線程的,因此就是絕對不能阻塞,所以當發現不可寫的時候,不能阻塞住線程,而是立即返回,等待下次主線程循環來註冊事件。

Netty的處理方式:

    protected void write0(AbstractNioChannel<?> channel) {
        boolean open = true;
        boolean addOpWrite = false;
        boolean removeOpWrite = false;
        boolean iothread = isIoThread(channel);

        long writtenBytes = 0;

        final SocketSendBufferPool sendBufferPool = this.sendBufferPool;
        final WritableByteChannel ch = channel.channel;
        final Queue<MessageEvent> writeBuffer = channel.writeBufferQueue;
        final int writeSpinCount = channel.getConfig().getWriteSpinCount();
        List<Throwable> causes = null;

        synchronized (channel.writeLock) {
            channel.inWriteNowLoop = true;
            for (;;) {
                MessageEvent evt = channel.currentWriteEvent;
                SendBuffer buf = null;
                ChannelFuture future = null;
                try {
                    if (evt == null) {
                        if ((channel.currentWriteEvent = evt = writeBuffer.poll()) == null) {
                            // 如果無數據可寫,則需要刪除可寫事件的註冊
                            removeOpWrite = true;
                            channel.writeSuspended = false;
                            break;
                        }
                        future = evt.getFuture();

                        channel.currentWriteBuffer = buf = sendBufferPool.acquire(evt.getMessage());
                    } else {
                        future = evt.getFuture();
                        buf = channel.currentWriteBuffer;
                    }

                    long localWrittenBytes = 0;
                    // 通過writeSpinCount來控制嘗試寫的次數,如果最終還是無法寫入,就註冊寫事件
                    for (int i = writeSpinCount; i > 0; i --) {
                        // 寫數據
                        localWrittenBytes = buf.transferTo(ch);
                        //  如果寫入數據不等於零,表明寫入成功,跳出循環
                        if (localWrittenBytes != 0) {
                            writtenBytes += localWrittenBytes;
                            break;
                        }
                        // 如果buf的數據都寫完了,則跳出循環
                        if (buf.finished()) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    if (buf.finished()) {
                        // Successful write - proceed to the next message.
                        buf.release();
                        channel.currentWriteEvent = null;
                        channel.currentWriteBuffer = null;
                        // Mark the event object for garbage collection.
                        //noinspection UnusedAssignment
                        evt = null;
                        buf = null;
                        future.setSuccess();
                    } else {
                        // Not written fully - perhaps the kernel buffer is full.
                        addOpWrite = true;
                        channel.writeSuspended = true;

                        if (writtenBytes > 0) {
                            // Notify progress listeners if necessary.
                            future.setProgress(
                                    localWrittenBytes,
                                    buf.writtenBytes(), buf.totalBytes());
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            channel.inWriteNowLoop = false;

            if (open) {
                if (addOpWrite) {
                    // 註冊寫事件
                    setOpWrite(channel);
                } else if (removeOpWrite) {
                   // 刪除寫事件
                    clearOpWrite(channel);
                }
            }
        }
    }

說明:Netty是多線程的,因此其可以通過阻塞線程做一定的等待,等待通道可寫。Netty等待是通過spinCount等待指定的循環次數。

Grizzly(誕生子Glass Fish項目)的處理方式:

    public static long flushChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel, ByteBuffer bb, long writeTimeout)
            throws IOException {
        SelectionKey key = null;
        Selector writeSelector = null;
        int attempts = 0;
        int bytesProduced = 0;
        try {
            while (bb.hasRemaining()) {
                int len = socketChannel.write(bb);
                // 類似Netty的spinCount
                attempts++;
                if (len < 0) {
                    throw new EOFException();
                }
                bytesProduced += len;
                if (len == 0) {
                    if (writeSelector == null) {
                       // 獲取一個新的selector
                        writeSelector = SelectorFactory.getSelector();
                        if (writeSelector == null) {
                            // Continue using the main one
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    // 在新selector上註冊寫事件,而不是在主selector上註冊
                    key = socketChannel.register(writeSelector, key.OP_WRITE);
                    // 利用writeSelector.select()來阻塞當前線程,等待可寫事件發生,總共等待可寫事件的時長是3*writeTimeout
                    if (writeSelector.select(writeTimeout) == 0) {
                        if (attempts > 2)
                            throw new IOException("Client disconnected");
                    } else {
                        attempts--;
                    }
                } else {
                    attempts = 0;
                }
            }
        } 
        return bytesProduced;
    }

說明:Grizzly是多線程的,因此其可以做合適的阻塞等待。其沒有再主selector上註冊寫事件,而是在重新構造的selector上註冊寫事件,並且通過select()來阻塞一定的時間來等待可寫。

爲什麼要這麼做呢?Grizzly的作者對此的迴應如下:
1. 使用臨時的Selector的目的是減少線程間的切換。當前的Selector一般用來處理OP_ACCEPT,和OP_READ的操作。使用臨時的Selector可減輕主Selector的負擔;而在註冊的時候則需要進行線程切換,會引起不必要的系統調用。這種方式避免了線程之間的頻繁切換,有利於系統的性能提高。
2. 雖然writeSelector.select(writeTimeout)做了阻塞操作,但是這種情況只是少數極端的環境下才會發生。> 大多數的客戶端是不會頻繁出現這種現象的,因此在同一時刻被阻塞的線程不會很多。
3. 利用這個阻塞操作來判斷異常中斷的客戶連接。
4. 經過壓力實驗證明這種實現的性能是非常好的。

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