配置文件：postgresql.conf
網絡和驗證
# - Connection Settings -
#設置監聽的IP
listen_addresses = '*' # what IP address(es) to listen on;
# comma-separated list of addresses;
# defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all
# (change requires restart)
#port = 5432 # (change requires restart)
#增加最大連接數
max_connections = 2048 # (change requires restart)
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3 # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_directories = '/var/run/postgresql, /tmp' # comma-separated list of directories
# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_group = '' # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # begin with 0 to use octal notation
# (change requires restart)
#bonjour = off # advertise server via Bonjour
# (change requires restart)
#bonjour_name = '' # defaults to the computer name
# (change requires restart)
# - Security and Authentication -
#authentication_timeout = 1min # 1s-600s
#ssl = off
#ssl_ciphers = 'HIGH:MEDIUM:+3DES:!aNULL' # allowed SSL ciphers
#ssl_prefer_server_ciphers = on
#ssl_ecdh_curve = 'prime256v1'
#ssl_dh_params_file = ''
#ssl_cert_file = 'server.crt'
#ssl_key_file = 'server.key'
#ssl_ca_file = ''
#ssl_crl_file = ''
#password_encryption = md5 # md5 or scram-sha-256
#db_user_namespace = off
#row_security = on
# GSSAPI using Kerberos
#krb_server_keyfile = ''
#krb_caseins_users = off
# - TCP Keepalives -
# see "man 7 tcp" for details
#設置連接檢測機制，當連接空間tcp_keepalives_idle秒後，每tcp_keepalives_interval秒檢測一次，如果tcp_keepalives_count沒有響應則斷開該連接
tcp_keepalives_idle = 300 # TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds;
# 0 selects the system default
tcp_keepalives_interval = 20 # TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds;
# 0 selects the system default
tcp_keepalives_count = 5 # TCP_KEEPCNT;
# 0 selects the system default
資源
# - Memory -
#共享內存,在大於1G的專用服務器上一般設置爲總內存的25%-40%，增大shared_buffers一般需要同時增大max_wal_size
shared_buffers = 256MB # min 128kB
# (change requires restart)
#huge_pages = try # on, off, or try
# (change requires restart)
#temp_buffers指定了每個會話訪問臨時表的最大內存
#temp_buffers = 8MB # min 800kB
#max_prepared_transactions = 0 # zero disables the feature
# (change requires restart)
# Caution: it is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless
# you actively intend to use prepared transactions.
#work_mem指定了每個會話進行排序、DISTINCT、Megre Join、Hash Join操作的內存，如果該內存不足，將使用臨時表
#work_mem = 4MB # min 64kB
#指定VACUUM, CREATE INDEX, and ALTER TABLE ADD FOREIGN KEY等維護工作最大使用內存
#maintenance_work_mem = 64MB # min 1MB
#replacement_sort_tuples = 150000 # limits use of replacement selection sort
#autovacuum_work_mem = -1 # min 1MB, or -1 to use maintenance_work_mem
#max_stack_depth = 2MB # min 100kB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix # the default is the first option
# supported by the operating system:
# posix
# sysv
# windows
# mmap
# use none to disable dynamic shared memory
# (change requires restart)
# - Disk -
#temp_file_limit = -1 # limits per-process temp file space
# in kB, or -1 for no limit
# - Kernel Resource Usage -
#max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25
# (change requires restart)
#加載的so
#shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart)
# - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay -
#vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # 0-100 milliseconds
#vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits
# - Background Writer -
#bgwriter_delay = 200ms # 10-10000ms between rounds
#bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100 # 0-1000 max buffers written/round
#bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0 # 0-10.0 multiplier on buffers scanned/round
#bgwriter_flush_after = 512kB # measured in pages, 0 disables
# - Asynchronous Behavior -
#effective_io_concurrency = 1 # 1-1000; 0 disables prefetching
#max_worker_processes = 8 # (change requires restart)
#max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 2 # taken from max_parallel_workers
#max_parallel_workers = 8 # maximum number of max_worker_processes that
# can be used in parallel queries
#old_snapshot_threshold = -1 # 1min-60d; -1 disables; 0 is immediate
# (change requires restart)
#backend_flush_after = 0 # measured in pages, 0 disables
WAL
# - Settings -
#日誌格式，replica可用於數據恢復和複製，logical用於邏輯複製
#wal_level = replica # minimal, replica, or logical
# (change requires restart)
#實施刷新數據到磁盤
fsync = on # flush data to disk for crash safety
# (turning this off can cause
# unrecoverable data corruption)
#事務提交是否將等待WAL記錄寫入磁盤
# off：不等待，雖然最近一些涉嫌提交的事務丟失，但不會產生數據庫不一致的風險，性能更好
# synchronous_standby_names爲空時local, remote_write, remote_apply, on的效果相同
# synchronous_standby_names不空時
# remote_apply：日誌在主和同步從已持久化，並且同步從已應用持久化日誌
# on：日誌在主和同步從已持久化
# remote_write：日誌在主已持久化，已發送到從，但尚從未fsync到磁盤
# local：日誌在主已持久化
synchronous_commit = on # synchronization level;
# off, local, remote_write, remote_apply, or on
#wal_sync_method = fsync # the default is the first option
# supported by the operating system:
# open_datasync
# fdatasync (default on Linux)
# fsync
# fsync_writethrough
# open_sync
#full_page_writes = on # recover from partial page writes
#wal_compression = off # enable compression of full-page writes
#wal_log_hints = off # also do full page writes of non-critical updates
# (change requires restart)
wal_buffers = 16MB # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
# (change requires restart)
#wal_writer_delay = 200ms # 1-10000 milliseconds
#wal_writer_flush_after = 1MB # measured in pages, 0 disables
#commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds
#commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000
# - Checkpoints -
#checkpoint_timeout = 5min # range 30s-1d
#max_wal_size = 1GB
#min_wal_size = 80MB
checkpoint_completion_target = 0.5 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0
#checkpoint_flush_after = 256kB # measured in pages, 0 disables
#checkpoint_warning = 30s # 0 disables
# - Archiving -
# 設置歸檔，由於WAL是輪轉的會被覆蓋，歸檔可以保障數據完整性（不保證實時性）
#archive_mode = off # enables archiving; off, on, or always
# (change requires restart)
# 當archive_mode爲on，一般通過archive_command命令複製歸檔文檔到其他磁盤或服務器
# archive_command只能在成功時才能exit 0
#archive_command = '' # command to use to archive a logfile segment
# placeholders: %p = path of file to archive
# %f = file name only
# e.g. 'test ! -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f && cp %p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f'
#archive_timeout = 0 # force a logfile segment switch after this
# number of seconds; 0 disables
複製
# - Sending Server(s) -
# Set these on the master and on any standby that will send replication data.
#最大WAL發送進程數量
max_wal_senders = 10 # max number of walsender processes
# (change requires restart)
# 指定pg_wal備用服務器需要爲流式複製提取它們時保留在目錄中的最小日誌文件段數。每個段通常是16兆字節。
# 如果連接到發送服務器的備用服務器落後多於wal_keep_segments分段，則發送服務器可能會刪除備用服務器仍需要的WAL段，
# 在這種情況下複製連接將終止。下游連接最終也會因此而失敗。（但是，如果正在使用WAL歸檔，備用服務器可以通過從歸檔中獲取段來進行恢復
wal_keep_segments = 256 # in logfile segments, 16MB each; 0 disables
#wal_sender_timeout = 60s # in milliseconds; 0 disables
#max_replication_slots = 10 # max number of replication slots
# (change requires restart)
#track_commit_timestamp = off # collect timestamp of transaction commit
# (change requires restart)
# - Master Server -
# These settings are ignored on a standby server.
#synchronous_standby_names = '' # standby servers that provide sync rep
# method to choose sync standbys, number of sync standbys,
# and comma-separated list of application_name
# from standby(s); '*' = all
#vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0 # number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed
# - Standby Servers -
# These settings are ignored on a master server.
#從是否可以運行查詢和連接
#hot_standby = on # "off" disallows queries during recovery
# (change requires restart)
#max_standby_archive_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading WAL from archive;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading streaming WAL;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s # send replies at least this often
# 0 disables
# 當在從上執行查詢的數據可能和從的恢復數據衝突而報錯，hot_standby_feedback爲on可以解決問題，但將增大主的工作負載
#hot_standby_feedback = off # send info from standby to prevent
# query conflicts
#wal_receiver_timeout = 60s # time that receiver waits for
# communication from master
# in milliseconds; 0 disables
#wal_retrieve_retry_interval = 5s # time to wait before retrying to
# retrieve WAL after a failed attempt
# - Subscribers -
# These settings are ignored on a publisher.
#max_logical_replication_workers = 4 # taken from max_worker_processes
# (change requires restart)
#max_sync_workers_per_subscription = 2 # taken from max_logical_replication_workers
查詢優化–未修改
日誌
# - Where to Log -
log_destination = 'stderr' # Valid values are combinations of
# stderr, csvlog, syslog, and eventlog,
# depending on platform. csvlog
# requires logging_collector to be on.
# This is used when logging to stderr:
logging_collector = on # Enable capturing of stderr and csvlog
# into log files. Required to be on for
# csvlogs.
# (change requires restart)
# These are only used if logging_collector is on:
log_directory = 'log' # directory where log files are written,
# can be absolute or relative to PGDATA
log_filename = 'postgresql-%a.log' # log file name pattern,
# can include strftime() escapes
#log_file_mode = 0600 # creation mode for log files,
# begin with 0 to use octal notation
log_truncate_on_rotation = on # If on, an existing log file with the
# same name as the new log file will be
# truncated rather than appended to.
# But such truncation only occurs on
# time-driven rotation, not on restarts
# or size-driven rotation. Default is
# off, meaning append to existing files
# in all cases.
log_rotation_age = 1d # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that time. 0 disables.
log_rotation_size = 0 # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that much log output.
# 0 disables.
# These are relevant when logging to syslog:
#syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0'
#syslog_ident = 'postgres'
#syslog_sequence_numbers = on
#syslog_split_messages = on
# This is only relevant when logging to eventlog (win32):
# (change requires restart)
#event_source = 'PostgreSQL'
# - When to Log -
#client_min_messages = notice # values in order of decreasing detail:
# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# log
# notice
# warning
# error
#log_min_messages = warning # values in order of decreasing detail:
# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# info
# notice
# warning
# error
# log
# fatal
# panic
#log_min_error_statement = error # values in order of decreasing detail:
# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# info
# notice
# warning
# error
# log
# fatal
# panic (effectively off)
#記錄大於log_min_duration_statement毫秒的statement
log_min_duration_statement = 250 # -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements
# and their durations, > 0 logs only
# statements running at least this number
# of milliseconds
# - What to Log -
#debug_print_parse = off
#debug_print_rewritten = off
#debug_print_plan = off
#debug_pretty_print = on
log_checkpoints = on
#log_connections = off
#log_disconnections = off
#log_duration = off
#log_error_verbosity = default # terse, default, or verbose messages
#log_hostname = off
# 日誌前綴
log_line_prefix = '%t [%p]: [%l-1] user=%u,db=%d,app=%a,client=%h ' # special values:
# %a = application name
# %u = user name
# %d = database name
# %r = remote host and port
# %h = remote host
# %p = process ID
# %t = timestamp without milliseconds
# %m = timestamp with milliseconds
# %n = timestamp with milliseconds (as a Unix epoch)
# %i = command tag
# %e = SQL state
# %c = session ID
# %l = session line number
# %s = session start timestamp
# %v = virtual transaction ID
# %x = transaction ID (0 if none)
# %q = stop here in non-session
# processes
# %% = '%'
# e.g. '<%u%%%d> '
#log_lock_waits = off # log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout
# 記錄DDL語句
log_statement = 'ddl' # none, ddl, mod, all
#log_replication_commands = off
#log_temp_files = -1 # log temporary files equal or larger
# than the specified size in kilobytes;
# -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files
log_timezone = 'PRC'
# - Process Title -
#cluster_name = '' # added to process titles if nonempty
# (change requires restart)
#update_process_title = on
運行時統計
# - Query/Index Statistics Collector -
#track_activities = on
#track_counts = on
track_io_timing = on
#track_functions = none # none, pl, all
#track_activity_query_size = 1024 # (change requires restart)
#stats_temp_directory = 'pg_stat_tmp'
# - Statistics Monitoring -
#log_parser_stats = off
#log_planner_stats = off
#log_executor_stats = off
#log_statement_stats = off