動手學深度學習-14 機器翻譯及相關技術

機器翻譯和數據集

機器翻譯（MT）：將一段文本從一種語言自動翻譯爲另一種語言，用神經網絡解決這個問題通常稱爲神經機器翻譯（NMT）。 主要特徵：輸出是單詞序列而不是單個單詞。 輸出序列的長度可能與源序列的長度不同。

數據集是英語和法語互譯

import sys
sys.path.append('/home/kesci/input/d2l9528/')
import collections
import d2l
import zipfile
from d2l.data.base import Vocab
import time
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.utils import data
from torch import optim

#數據預處理
#將數據集清洗、轉化爲神經網絡的輸入minbatch

with open('/home/kesci/input/fraeng6506/fra.txt', 'r') as f:
      raw_text = f.read()
print(raw_text[0:1000])

Go.	Va !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #2877272 (CM) & #1158250 (Wittydev)
Hi.	Salut !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #538123 (CM) & #509819 (Aiji)
Hi.	Salut.	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #538123 (CM) & #4320462 (gillux)
Run!	Cours !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #906328 (papabear) & #906331 (sacredceltic)
Run!	Courez !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #906328 (papabear) & #906332 (sacredceltic)
Who?	Qui ?	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #2083030 (CK) & #4366796 (gillux)
Wow!	Ça alors !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #52027 (Zifre) & #374631 (zmoo)
Fire!	Au feu !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #1829639 (Spamster) & #4627939 (sacredceltic)
Help!	À l'aide !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #435084 (lukaszpp) & #128430 (sysko)
Jump.	Saute.	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tatoeba.org #631038 (Shishir) & #2416938 (Phoenix)
Stop!	Ça suffit !	CC-BY 2.0 (France) Attribution: tato


def preprocess_raw(text):# 將字母和標點符號隔開
    text = text.replace('\u202f', ' ').replace('\xa0', ' ')
    out = ''
    for i, char in enumerate(text.lower()):
        if char in (',', '!', '.') and i > 0 and text[i-1] != ' ':
            out += ' '
        out += char
    return out

text = preprocess_raw(raw_text)
print(text[0:1000])


go .	va !	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #2877272 (cm) & #1158250 (wittydev)
hi .	salut !	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #538123 (cm) & #509819 (aiji)
hi .	salut .	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #538123 (cm) & #4320462 (gillux)
run !	cours !	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #906328 (papabear) & #906331 (sacredceltic)
run !	courez !	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #906328 (papabear) & #906332 (sacredceltic)
who?	qui ?	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #2083030 (ck) & #4366796 (gillux)
wow !	ça alors !	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #52027 (zifre) & #374631 (zmoo)
fire !	au feu !	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #1829639 (spamster) & #4627939 (sacredceltic)
help !	à l'aide !	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #435084 (lukaszpp) & #128430 (sysko)
jump .	saute .	cc-by 2 .0 (france) attribution: tatoeba .org #631038 (shishir) & #2416938 (phoenix)
stop !	ça suffit !	cc-b

字符在計算機裏是以編碼的形式存在，我們通常所用的空格是 \x20 ，是在標準ASCII可見字符 0x20~0x7e 範圍內。 而 \xa0 屬於 latin1 （ISO/IEC_8859-1）中的擴展字符集字符，代表不間斷空白符nbsp(non-breaking space)，超出gbk編碼範圍，是需要去除的特殊字符。再數據預處理的過程中，我們首先需要對數據進行清洗。

 

分詞

字符串---單詞組成的列表

num_examples = 50000
source, target = [], []
for i, line in enumerate(text.split('\n')):
    if i > num_examples:
        break
    parts = line.split('\t')
    if len(parts) >= 2:
        source.append(parts[0].split(' '))
        target.append(parts[1].split(' '))
        
source[0:3], target[0:3]

#output #兩行的列表 第一行是英文+標點 
([['go', '.'], ['hi', '.'], ['hi', '.']],
 [['va', '!'], ['salut', '!'], ['salut', '.']])

d2l.set_figsize()
d2l.plt.hist([[len(l) for l in source], [len(l) for l in target]],label=['source', 'target'])
d2l.plt.legend(loc='upper right');

 

建立詞典

單詞組成的列表---單詞id組成的列表

def build_vocab(tokens):
    tokens = [token for line in tokens for token in line]
    return d2l.data.base.Vocab(tokens, min_freq=3, use_special_tokens=True)

src_vocab = build_vocab(source)
len(src_vocab)

#其中Vocab定義爲
class Vocab(object):
    def __init__(self,tokens,min_freq=0,use_special_tokens=False):
        counter=collections.Counter(tokens)
        token_freqs=sorted(counter.items(),key=lambda x:x[0])
        token_freqs.sort(key= lambda x:x[1],reverse=True)
        
        if use_special_tokens:
            self.pad,self.bos,self.eos,self.unk=(0,1,2,3)
            tokens=['<pad>','<bos>','<eos>','<unk>']
        else:
            self.unk=0
            tokens=['<unk>']
        tokens+=[token for token,freq in token_freqs if freq>min_freq]
        self.idx_to_token=[]
        self.token_to_idx=dict()
        for token in tokens:
            self.idx_to_token.append(token)
            self.token_to_idx[token]=len(self.idx_to_token)-1
        def __len__(self):
            return len(self.idx_to_token)
        def __getitem__(self,tokens):
            
            if not isinstance(tokens,(list,tuple)):
                return self.token_to_idx.get(tokens,self.unk)
            else:
                return [self.__getitem__(token) for token in tokens]

#3789

 載入數據集

def pad(line, max_len, padding_token):
    if len(line) > max_len:
        return line[:max_len]
    return line + [padding_token] * (max_len - len(line))
pad(src_vocab[source[0]], 10, src_vocab.pad)

#[38, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

def build_array(lines, vocab, max_len, is_source):
    lines = [vocab[line] for line in lines]
    if not is_source:
        lines = [[vocab.bos] + line + [vocab.eos] for line in lines]
    array = torch.tensor([pad(line, max_len, vocab.pad) for line in lines])
    valid_len = (array != vocab.pad).sum(1) #第一個維度
    return array, valid_len

def load_data_nmt(batch_size, max_len): # This function is saved in d2l.
    src_vocab, tgt_vocab = build_vocab(source), build_vocab(target)
    src_array, src_valid_len = build_array(source, src_vocab, max_len, True)
    tgt_array, tgt_valid_len = build_array(target, tgt_vocab, max_len, False)
    train_data = data.TensorDataset(src_array, src_valid_len, tgt_array, tgt_valid_len)
    train_iter = data.DataLoader(train_data, batch_size, shuffle=True)
    return src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter

src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter = load_data_nmt(batch_size=2, max_len=8)
for X, X_valid_len, Y, Y_valid_len, in train_iter:
    print('X =', X.type(torch.int32), '\nValid lengths for X =', X_valid_len,
        '\nY =', Y.type(torch.int32), '\nValid lengths for Y =', Y_valid_len)
    break

#X = tensor([[   5,   24,    3,    4,    0,    0,    0,    0],
#        [  12, 1388,    7,    3,    4,    0,    0,    0]], dtype=torch.int32) 
#Valid lengths for X = tensor([4, 5]) 
#Y = tensor([[   1,   23,   46,    3,    3,    4,    2,    0],
#        [   1,   15,  137,   27, 4736,    4,    2,    0]], dtype=torch.int32) 
#Valid lengths for Y = tensor([7, 7])

 

 

class Encoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(Encoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def forward(self, X, *args):
        raise NotImplementedError

class Decoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(Decoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def forward(self, X, state):
        raise NotImplementedError

class EncoderDecoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, encoder, decoder, **kwargs):
        super(EncoderDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.encoder = encoder
        self.decoder = decoder

    def forward(self, enc_X, dec_X, *args):
        enc_outputs = self.encoder(enc_X, *args)
        dec_state = self.decoder.init_state(enc_outputs, *args)
        return self.decoder(dec_X, dec_state)

#可以應用在對話系統、生成式任務中。

Sequence to Sequence模型

模型：

訓練

 

 Encoder

class Seq2SeqEncoder(d2l.Encoder):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
                 dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqEncoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.num_hiddens=num_hiddens
        self.num_layers=num_layers
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
   
    def begin_state(self, batch_size, device):
        return [torch.zeros(size=(self.num_layers, batch_size, self.num_hiddens),  device=device),
                torch.zeros(size=(self.num_layers, batch_size, self.num_hiddens),  device=device)]
    def forward(self, X, *args):
        X = self.embedding(X) # X shape: (batch_size, seq_len, embed_size)
        X = X.transpose(0, 1)  # RNN needs first axes to be time
        # state = self.begin_state(X.shape[1], device=X.device)
        out, state = self.rnn(X)
        # The shape of out is (seq_len, batch_size, num_hiddens).
        # state contains the hidden state and the memory cell
        # of the last time step, the shape is (num_layers, batch_size, num_hiddens)
        return out, state

encoder = Seq2SeqEncoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8,num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
X = torch.zeros((4, 7),dtype=torch.long)
output, state = encoder(X)
output.shape, len(state), state[0].shape, state[1].shape

#(torch.Size([7, 4, 16]), 2, torch.Size([2, 4, 16]), torch.Size([2, 4, 16]))

 Decoder

class Seq2SeqDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
                 dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
        self.dense = nn.Linear(num_hiddens,vocab_size)

    def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
        return enc_outputs[1]

    def forward(self, X, state):
        X = self.embedding(X).transpose(0, 1)
        out, state = self.rnn(X, state)
        # Make the batch to be the first dimension to simplify loss computation.
        out = self.dense(out).transpose(0, 1)
        return out, state
decoder = Seq2SeqDecoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8,num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
state = decoder.init_state(encoder(X))
out, state = decoder(X, state)
out.shape, len(state), state[0].shape, state[1].shape
#(torch.Size([4, 7, 10]), 2, torch.Size([2, 4, 16]), torch.Size([2, 4, 16]))

 損失函數

def SequenceMask(X, X_len,value=0):
    maxlen = X.size(1)
    mask = torch.arange(maxlen)[None, :].to(X_len.device) < X_len[:, None]   
    X[~mask]=value
    return X

X = torch.tensor([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
SequenceMask(X,torch.tensor([1,2]))

#tensor([[1, 0, 0],
#        [4, 5, 0]])

X = torch.ones((2,3, 4))
SequenceMask(X, torch.tensor([1,2]),value=-1)

tensor([[[ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
         [-1., -1., -1., -1.],
         [-1., -1., -1., -1.]],

        [[ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
         [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
         [-1., -1., -1., -1.]]])

class MaskedSoftmaxCELoss(nn.CrossEntropyLoss):
    # pred shape: (batch_size, seq_len, vocab_size)
    # label shape: (batch_size, seq_len)
    # valid_length shape: (batch_size, )
    def forward(self, pred, label, valid_length):
        # the sample weights shape should be (batch_size, seq_len)
        weights = torch.ones_like(label)
        weights = SequenceMask(weights, valid_length).float()
        self.reduction='none'
        output=super(MaskedSoftmaxCELoss, self).forward(pred.transpose(1,2), label)
        return (output*weights).mean(dim=1)

loss = MaskedSoftmaxCELoss()
loss(torch.ones((3, 4, 10)), torch.ones((3,4),dtype=torch.long), torch.tensor([4,3,0]))

#tensor([2.3026, 1.7269, 0.0000])

訓練

def train_ch7(model, data_iter, lr, num_epochs, device):  # Saved in d2l
    model.to(device)
    optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=lr)
    loss = MaskedSoftmaxCELoss()
    tic = time.time()
    for epoch in range(1, num_epochs+1):
        l_sum, num_tokens_sum = 0.0, 0.0
        for batch in data_iter:
            optimizer.zero_grad()
            X, X_vlen, Y, Y_vlen = [x.to(device) for x in batch]
            Y_input, Y_label, Y_vlen = Y[:,:-1], Y[:,1:], Y_vlen-1
            
            Y_hat, _ = model(X, Y_input, X_vlen, Y_vlen)
            l = loss(Y_hat, Y_label, Y_vlen).sum()
            l.backward()

            with torch.no_grad():
                d2l.grad_clipping_nn(model, 5, device)
            num_tokens = Y_vlen.sum().item()
            optimizer.step()
            l_sum += l.sum().item()
            num_tokens_sum += num_tokens
        if epoch % 50 == 0:
            print("epoch {0:4d},loss {1:.3f}, time {2:.1f} sec".format( 
                  epoch, (l_sum/num_tokens_sum), time.time()-tic))
            tic = time.time()

embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout = 32, 32, 2, 0.0
batch_size, num_examples, max_len = 64, 1e3, 10
lr, num_epochs, ctx = 0.005, 300, d2l.try_gpu()
src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter = d2l.load_data_nmt(
    batch_size, max_len,num_examples)
encoder = Seq2SeqEncoder(
    len(src_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
decoder = Seq2SeqDecoder(
    len(tgt_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
model = d2l.EncoderDecoder(encoder, decoder)
train_ch7(model, train_iter, lr, num_epochs, ctx)

epoch   50,loss 0.093, time 38.2 sec
epoch  100,loss 0.046, time 37.9 sec
epoch  150,loss 0.032, time 36.8 sec
epoch  200,loss 0.027, time 37.5 sec
epoch  250,loss 0.026, time 37.8 sec
epoch  300,loss 0.025, time 37.3 sec

 測試

def translate_ch7(model, src_sentence, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, max_len, device):
    src_tokens = src_vocab[src_sentence.lower().split(' ')]
    src_len = len(src_tokens)
    if src_len < max_len:
        src_tokens += [src_vocab.pad] * (max_len - src_len)
    enc_X = torch.tensor(src_tokens, device=device)
    enc_valid_length = torch.tensor([src_len], device=device)
    # use expand_dim to add the batch_size dimension.
    enc_outputs = model.encoder(enc_X.unsqueeze(dim=0), enc_valid_length)
    dec_state = model.decoder.init_state(enc_outputs, enc_valid_length)
    dec_X = torch.tensor([tgt_vocab.bos], device=device).unsqueeze(dim=0)
    predict_tokens = []
    for _ in range(max_len):
        Y, dec_state = model.decoder(dec_X, dec_state)
        # The token with highest score is used as the next time step input.
        dec_X = Y.argmax(dim=2)
        py = dec_X.squeeze(dim=0).int().item()
        if py == tgt_vocab.eos:
            break
        predict_tokens.append(py)
    return ' '.join(tgt_vocab.to_tokens(predict_tokens))

for sentence in ['Go .', 'Wow !', "I'm OK .", 'I won !']:
    print(sentence + ' => ' + translate_ch7(
        model, sentence, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, max_len, ctx))
#output
Go . => va !
Wow ! => <unk> !
I'm OK . => ça va .
I won ! => j'ai gagné !

公衆號“AI算法與數學之美”