一、基本介紹
spring-boot-test是SpringBoot的一個功能特性,對衆多的單元測試技術進行了集成,我們可以通過在項目中添加下面的依賴引入這項特性:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
其中exclusions的目的只是爲了排除junit4而採用Junit5,可根據自己使用的junit版本來確認是否要配置這一項。
當我們依賴了spring-boot-starter-test之後,會自動的引入以下幾種常見的單元測試技術:
- junit5
- Mockito
- Hamcrest
- AssertJ
- JSONassert
- JsonPath
- Spring Test(用於SpringBoot項目的測試)
本篇會對常用的功能進行講解,如果想了解所有功能,請來這裏:【spring-boot-test官網】
二、測試Bean
對於普通的JAVA代碼的測試,通過Junit和Mockito就可以完成,這裏我們看看怎麼測試spring容易中的Bean,比如:Service。
1. 常用註解
- @SpringBootTest:表明這是一個springboot的測試用例,默認情況下,是不會開啓一個服務的,可以通過配置webEnvironment來改變運行模式;
- @MockBean:mock出一個javabean,注入到spring容器中,會替代原始Spring容器中對應的Bean。
- @SpyBean:對容易中已有的Bean進行包裝,構建一個監控對象,這樣的話,如果沒有進行mock的時候,會走真實方法。
2. 示例
Service代碼:
package com.firewolf.busi.example.springtest;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.List;
@Service
public class UserService {
@Resource
private UserMapper userMapper;
public void addUser(User user) {
if (StringUtils.isEmpty(user.getAccount()) || user.getAccount().length() < 4) {
throw new RuntimeException("account is too short");
}
int i = userMapper.selectCount(User.builder().account(user.getAccount()).build());
if (i > 0) {
throw new RuntimeException("account can not repeat");
}
userMapper.insertSelective(user);
}
public List<User> selectUser() {
return userMapper.selectAll();
}
}
....
我們現在想測試addUser方法的邏輯是否正確,而我們又不需要訪問數據庫,這個時候,我們可以Mock出UserMapper,來測試addUser的邏輯
測試代碼:
@SpringBootTest
class UserServiceTest {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
//我們不關心UserMapper的邏輯,直接mock出來
@MockBean
private UserMapper userMapper;
@Test
void addUser() {
assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> userService.addUser(User.builder().name("周扒皮").password("1111").build()), "account is too short");
assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> userService.addUser(User.builder().account("abc").name("周扒皮").password("1111").build()), "account is too short");
String name = "myname";
when(userMapper.selectCount(eq(User.builder().account(name).build()))).thenReturn(1);
assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> userService.addUser(User.builder().account(name).build()));
assertDoesNotThrow(() -> userService.addUser(User.builder().account("wangba").build()));
}
如果這個UserMapper不是mock出來的,那麼,就會走自己的真實邏輯。
可以看到,其他的地方的寫法,和junit是類似的。
三、測試web
有時候,我們需要測試我們的web controller,來判斷我們的請求是否能正常處理
1. 核心註解
- @AutoConfigureMockMvc:自動裝配mockmvc,來進行web方法的測試,一般用於測試controller;然後我們就可以直接注入MockMvc來模擬發起web請求了;
2. 核心API
- RequestBuilder/MockMvcRequestBuilders:
//根據uri模板和uri變量值得到一個GET請求方式的MockHttpServletRequestBuilder; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder get(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) //同get類似,但是是POST方法; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder post(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) //同get類似,但是是PUT方法; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder put(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) //同get類似,但是是DELETE方法; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder delete(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) //同get類似,但是是OPTIONS方法; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder options(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) //提供自己的Http請求方法及uri模板和uri變量,如上API都是委託給這個API; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder request(HttpMethod httpMethod, String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) //提供文件上傳方式的請求,得到MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder; MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder fileUpload(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) //創建一個從啓動異步處理的請求的MvcResult進行異步分派的RequestBuilder; RequestBuilder asyncDispatch(final MvcResult mvcResult)
- MockHttpServletRequestBuilder
//:添加頭信息; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder header(String name, Object... values)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder headers(HttpHeaders httpHeaders) //:指定請求的contentType頭信息; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contentType(MediaType mediaType) //:指定請求的Accept頭信息; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(MediaType... mediaTypes)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(String... mediaTypes) //:指定請求Body體內容; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(byte[] content)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(String content) //:請求傳入參數 MockHttpServletRequestBuilder param(String name,String... values) //:指定請求的Cookie; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder cookie(Cookie... cookies) //:指定請求的Locale; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder locale(Locale locale) //:指定請求字符編碼; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder characterEncoding(String encoding) //:設置請求屬性數據; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestAttr(String name, Object value) //:設置請求session屬性數據; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttrs(Map<string, object=""> sessionAttributes) //指定請求的flash信息,比如重定向後的屬性信息; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttrs(Map<string, object=""> flashAttributes) //:指定請求的Session; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder session(MockHttpSession session) // :指定請求的Principal; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder principal(Principal principal) //:指定請求的上下文路徑,必須以“/”開頭,且不能以“/”結尾; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contextPath(String contextPath) //:請求的路徑信息,必須以“/”開頭; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder pathInfo(String pathInfo) //:請求是否使用安全通道; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder secure(boolean secure) //:請求的後處理器,用於自定義一些請求處理的擴展點; MockHttpServletRequestBuilder with(RequestPostProcessor postProcessor)
- MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder
//:指定要上傳的文件; MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(String name, byte[] content)/MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(MockMultipartFile file)
- ResultActions
//:添加驗證斷言來判斷執行請求後的結果是否是預期的; ResultActions andExpect(ResultMatcher matcher) //:添加結果處理器,用於對驗證成功後執行的動作,如輸出下請求/結果信息用於調試; ResultActions andDo(ResultHandler handler) //:返回驗證成功後的MvcResult;用於自定義驗證/下一步的異步處理; MvcResult andReturn()
- ResultMatcher/MockMvcResultMatchers
//:請求的Handler驗證器,比如驗證處理器類型/方法名;此處的Handler其實就是處理請求的控制器; HandlerResultMatchers handler() //:得到RequestResultMatchers驗證器; RequestResultMatchers request() //:得到模型驗證器; ModelResultMatchers model() //:得到視圖驗證器; ViewResultMatchers view() //:得到Flash屬性驗證; FlashAttributeResultMatchers flash() //:得到響應狀態驗證器; StatusResultMatchers status() //:得到響應Header驗證器; HeaderResultMatchers header() //:得到響應Cookie驗證器; CookieResultMatchers cookie() //:得到響應內容驗證器; ContentResultMatchers content() //:得到Json表達式驗證器; JsonPathResultMatchers jsonPath(String expression, Object ... args)/ResultMatcher jsonPath(String expression, Matcher matcher) //:得到Xpath表達式驗證器; XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Object... args)/XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Map<string, string=""> namespaces, Object... args) //:驗證處理完請求後轉發的url(絕對匹配); ResultMatcher forwardedUrl(final String expectedUrl) //:驗證處理完請求後轉發的url(Ant風格模式匹配,@since spring4); ResultMatcher forwardedUrlPattern(final String urlPattern) //:驗證處理完請求後重定向的url(絕對匹配); ResultMatcher redirectedUrl(final String expectedUrl) //:驗證處理完請求後重定向的url(Ant風格模式匹配,@since spring4); ResultMatcher redirectedUrlPattern(final String expectedUrl)
3. 使用案例
package com.firewolf.busi.example.springtest;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.SpyBean;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.ResultHandler;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
class UserControllerTest {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@MockBean
private UserService userService;
@Test
void addUser() throws Exception {
doNothing().when(userService).addUser(any(User.class));
MvcResult mockResult = mockMvc
.perform(post("/users").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED)
.param("account","liuxing").param("password","123345")) //傳入參數
.andExpect(status().isOk()) // 斷言狀態
.andReturn(); //返回結果
assertEquals("success",mockResult.getResponse().getContentAsString()); //斷言結果
}
}
4. 使用JsonPath解析結果並進行斷言
我們可以使用jsonpath來解析結果並進行斷言,關於jsonpath的使用,可以來這裏:【JsonPath官網】
示例:
package com.firewolf.busi.example.springtest;
import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.SpyBean;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.post;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
class UserControllerTest {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@MockBean
private UserService userService;
@Test
void testSelectUser() throws Exception {
List<User> users = Arrays.asList(
User.builder().account("lx").build(),
User.builder().account("liuxing").build()
);
doReturn(users).when(userService).selectUser();
//使用JsonPath解析結果並進行斷言
mockMvc.perform(get("/users"))
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.size()").value(2))
.andExpect(jsonPath("$..account").isArray())
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.[0].account").value("lx"))
.andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print(System.out))
.andDo(mvcResult -> assertTrue(mvcResult.getResponse().getContentAsString().contains("liuxing")));
}
}