文章目錄
一. 前言
JSON(JavaScript Object Notation) 是一種輕量級的數據交換格式，它使得人們很容易的進行閱讀和編寫。同時也方便了機器進行解析和生成。適用於進行數據交互的場景，比如網站前臺與後臺之間的數據交互。
JSON和XML的比較可謂不相上下。
Python 2.7中自帶了JSON模塊，直接import json就可以使用了。
官方文檔：http://docs.python.org/library/json.html
Json在線解析網站：http://www.json.cn/#
二. JSON
json簡單說就是javascript中的對象和數組，所以這兩種結構就是對象和數組兩種結構，通過這兩種結構可以表示各種複雜的結構
對象：對象在js中表示爲{ }括起來的內容，數據結構爲 { key：value, key：value, … }的鍵值對的結構，在面向對象的語言中，key爲對象的屬性，value爲對應的屬性值，所以很容易理解，取值方法爲 對象.key 獲取屬性值，這個屬性值的類型可以是數字、字符串、數組、對象這幾種。
數組：數組在js中是中括號[ ]括起來的內容，數據結構爲 [“Python”, “javascript”, “C++”, …]，取值方式和所有語言中一樣，使用索引獲取，字段值的類型可以是 數字、字符串、數組、對象幾種。
json模塊提供了四個功能：dumps、dump、loads、load，用於字符串 和 python數據類型間進行轉換。
三. json.loads()
把Json格式字符串解碼轉換成Python對象 從json到python的類型轉化對照如下：、
import json
strList = '[1, 2, 3, 4]'
strDict = '{"city": "北京", "name": "大貓"}'
json.loads(strList)
# [1, 2, 3, 4]
json.loads(strDict) # json數據自動按Unicode存儲
# {u'city': u'\u5317\u4eac', u'name': u'\u5927\u732b'}
四. json.dumps()
實現python類型轉化爲json字符串，返回一個str對象 把一個Python對象編碼轉換成Json字符串
從python原始類型向json類型的轉化對照如下：
import json
import chardet
listStr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
tupleStr = (1, 2, 3, 4)
dictStr = {"city": "北京", "name": "大貓"}
json.dumps(listStr)
# '[1, 2, 3, 4]'
json.dumps(tupleStr)
# '[1, 2, 3, 4]'
# 注意：json.dumps() 序列化時默認使用的ascii編碼
# 添加參數 ensure_ascii=False 禁用ascii編碼，按utf-8編碼
# chardet.detect()返回字典, 其中confidence是檢測精確度
json.dumps(dictStr)
# '{"city": "\\u5317\\u4eac", "name": "\\u5927\\u5218"}'
chardet.detect(json.dumps(dictStr))
# {'confidence': 1.0, 'encoding': 'ascii'}
print json.dumps(dictStr, ensure_ascii=False)
# {"city": "北京", "name": "大劉"}
chardet.detect(json.dumps(dictStr, ensure_ascii=False))
# {'confidence': 0.99, 'encoding': 'utf-8'}
chardet是一個非常優秀的編碼識別模塊，可通過pip安裝
五. json.dump()
將Python內置類型序列化爲json對象後寫入文件
import json
listStr = [{"city": "北京"}, {"name": "大劉"}]
json.dump(listStr, open("listStr.json","w"), ensure_ascii=False)
dictStr = {"city": "北京", "name": "大劉"}
json.dump(dictStr, open("dictStr.json","w"), ensure_ascii=False)
六. json.load()
讀取文件中json形式的字符串元素 轉化成python類型
import json
strList = json.load(open("listStr.json"))
print strList
# [{u'city': u'\u5317\u4eac'}, {u'name': u'\u5927\u5218'}]
strDict = json.load(open("dictStr.json"))
print strDict
# {u'city': u'\u5317\u4eac', u'name': u'\u5927\u5218'}
七. JsonPath
JsonPath 是一種信息抽取類庫，是從JSON文檔中抽取指定信息的工具，提供多種語言實現版本，包括：Javascript, Python， PHP 和 Java。
JsonPath 對於 JSON 來說，相當於 XPATH 對於 XML。
下載地址：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpath
安裝方法：點擊Download URL鏈接下載jsonpath，解壓之後執行python setup.py install
官方文檔：http://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath
八. JsonPath與XPath語法對比
Json結構清晰，可讀性高，複雜度低，非常容易匹配，下表中對應了XPath的用法。
九. 案例分析
以拉勾網城市JSON文件 http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json 爲例，獲取所有城市。
# 以拉勾網城市JSON文件 http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json 爲例，獲取所有城市。
import requests
import jsonpath
import json
import chardet
import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)
url = 'http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json'
headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.99 Safari/537.36"}
response = requests.get(url,verify=False,headers = headers)
html = response.text
print('------------1.json格式，類型爲str-----------')
print(html)
print (type(html))
# 把json格式字符串轉換成python對象
jsonobj = json.loads(html)
print('------------2.python對象-----------')
print(jsonobj)
print(type(jsonobj))
# 從根節點開始，匹配name節點
citylist = jsonpath.jsonpath(jsonobj,'$..name')
print('------------3.提取name-----------')
print (citylist)
print (type(citylist))
content = json.dumps(citylist, ensure_ascii=False)
print('------------4.json格式，類型爲str-----------')
print (content)
print (type(content))
fp = open('city.json','wb')
fp.write(content.encode('utf-8'))
fp.close()
輸出結果：
------------1.json格式，類型爲str-----------
{"state":1,"message":"success","content":{"data":{"allCitySearchLabels":{"A":[{"id":723,"name":"安陽","parentId":545,"code":"171500000","isSelected":false},{"id":601,"name":"鞍山","parentId":535,"code":"081600000","isSelected":false},{"id":105795,"name":"澳門特別行政區","parentId":562,"code":"330100000","isSelected":false},{"id":671,"name":"安慶","parentId":541,"code":"131800000","isSelected":false},{"id":825,"name":"安順","parentId":553,"code":"240400000","isSelected":false},{"id":903,"name":"阿勒泰","parentId":560,"code":"310400000","isSelected":false},{"id":897,"name":"阿克蘇","parentId":560,"code":"311800000","isSelected":false},{"id":862,"name":"安康","parentId":556,"code":"270400000","isSelected":false},{"id":819,"name":"阿壩藏族羌族自治州","parentId":552,"code":"230700000","isSelected":false},{"id":598,"name":"阿拉善盟","parentId":534,"code":"070300000","isSelected":false}],"B":[{"id":5,"name":"北京","parentId":1,"code":"010100000","isSelected":false},{"id":570,"name":"保定","parentId":532,"code":"051100000","isSelected":false},{"id":666,"name":"蚌埠","parentId":541,"code":"131300000","isSelected":false},{"id":588,"name":"包頭","parentId":534,"code":"071300000","isSelected":false},{"id":717,"name":"濱州","parentId":544,"code":"161400000","isSelected":false},{"id":856,"name":"寶雞","parentId":556,"code":"271000000","isSelected":false},{"id":678,"name":"亳州","parentId":541,"code":"130500000","isSelected":false},{"id":789,"name":"北海","parentId":549,"code":"211000000","isSelected":false},{"id":794,"name":"百色","parentId":549,"code":"210500000","isSelected":false},{"id":817,"name":"巴中","parentId":552,"code":"230500000","isSelected":false},{"id":828,"name":"畢節","parentId":553,"code":"240700000","isSelected":false},{"id":603,"name":"本溪","parentId":535,"code":"081400000","isSelected":false},{"id":896,"name":"巴音郭楞","parentId":560,"code":"311700000","isSelected":false},{"id":834,"name":"保山","parentId":554,"code":"251400000","isSelected":false},{"id":597,"name":"巴彥淖爾","parentId":534,"code":"070400000","isSelected":false},{"id":895,"name":"博爾塔拉","parentId":560,"code":"311600000","isSelected":false},{"id":620,"name":"白城","parentId":536,"code":"090400000","isSelected":false},{"id":618,"name":"白山","parentId":536,"code":"090600000","isSelected":false}],"C":[{"id":801,"name":"成都","parentId":552,"code":"230100000","isSelected":false},{"id":749,"name":"長沙","parentId":547,"code":"190100000","isSelected":false},{"id":8,"name":"重慶","parentId":4,"code":"040100000","isSelected":false},{"id":613,"name":"長春","parentId":536,"code":"090100000","isSelected":false},{"id":638,"name":"常州","parentId":539,"code":"112000000","isSelected":false},{"id":573,"name":"滄州","parentId":532,"code":"050800000","isSelected":false},{"id":590,"name":"赤峯","parentId":534,"code":"071100000","isSelected":false},{"id":758,"name":"郴州","parentId":547,"code":"190500000","isSelected":false},{"id":781,"name":"潮州","parentId":548,"code":"200500000","isSelected":false},{"id":755,"name":"常德","parentId":547,"code":"190800000","isSelected":false},{"id":673,"name":"滁州","parentId":541,"code":"131100000","isSelected":false},{"id":611,"name":"朝陽","parentId":535,"code":"080600000","isSelected":false},{"id":572,"name":"承德","parentId":532,"code":"050900000","isSelected":false},{"id":679,"name":"池州","parentId":541,"code":"130600000","isSelected":false},{"id":836,"name":"楚雄","parentId":554,"code":"251200000","isSelected":false},{"id":894,"name":"昌吉","parentId":560,"code":"311500000","isSelected":false},{"id":905,"name":"崇左","parentId":549,"code":"211400000","isSelected":false}],"D":[{"id":779,"name":"東莞","parentId":548,"code":"200300000","isSelected":false},{"id":600,"name":"大連","parentId":535,"code":"081700000","isSelected":false},{"id":715,"name":"德州","parentId":544,"code":"161600000","isSelected":false},{"id":627,"name":"大慶","parentId":537,"code":"101300000","isSelected":false},{"id":805,"name":"德陽","parentId":552,"code":"231700000","isSelected":false},{"id":706,"name":"東營","parentId":544,"code":"162000000","isSelected":false},{"id":577,"name":"大同","parentId":533,"code":"061200000","isSelected":false},{"id":815,"name":"達州","parentId":552,"code":"230300000","isSelected":false},{"id":841,"name":"大理","parentId":554,"code":"250700000","isSelected":false},{"id":604,"name":"丹東","parentId":535,"code":"081300000","isSelected":false},{"id":874,"name":"定西","parentId":557,"code":"280400000","isSelected":false},{"id":842,"name":"德宏","parentId":554,"code":"250600000","isSelected":false},{"id":107620,"name":"儋州","parentId":550,"code":"220201000","isSelected":false},{"id":845,"name":"迪慶","parentId":554,"code":"250300000","isSelected":false}],"E":[{"id":741,"name":"鄂州","parentId":546,"code":"181600000","isSelected":false},{"id":748,"name":"恩施","parentId":546,"code":"180300000","isSelected":false},{"id":592,"name":"鄂爾多斯","parentId":534,"code":"070900000","isSelected":false}],"F":[{"id":768,"name":"佛山","parentId":548,"code":"202000000","isSelected":false},{"id":681,"name":"福州","parentId":542,"code":"140100000","isSelected":false},{"id":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<class 'dict'>
------------3.提取name-----------
['安陽', '鞍山', '澳門特別行政區', '安慶', '安順', '阿勒泰', '阿克蘇', '安康', '阿壩藏族羌族自治州', '阿拉善盟', '北京', '保定', '蚌埠', '包頭', '濱州', '寶雞', '亳州', '北海', '百色', '巴中', '畢節', '本溪', '巴音郭楞', '保山', '巴彥淖爾', '博爾塔拉', '白城', '白山', '成都', '長沙', '重慶', '長春', '常州', '滄州', '赤峯', '郴州', '潮州', '常德', '滁州', '朝陽', '承德', '池州', '楚雄', '昌吉', '崇左', '東莞', '大連', '德州', '大慶', '德陽', '東營', '大同', '達州', '大理', '丹東', '定西', '德宏', '儋州', '迪慶', '鄂州', '恩施', '鄂爾多斯', '佛山', '福州', '阜陽', '撫州', '撫順', '阜新', '防城港', '廣州', '貴陽', '桂林', '贛州', '廣元', '貴港', '廣安', '固原', '甘孜藏族自治州', '杭州', '合肥', '惠州', '哈爾濱', '海口', '呼和浩特', '邯鄲', '湖州', '衡陽', '海外', '淮安', '菏澤', '衡水', '河源', '懷化', '黃岡', '黃石', '黃山', '葫蘆島', '淮北', '淮南', '呼倫貝爾', '漢中', '賀州', '紅河', '河池', '鶴壁', '海東', '鶴崗', '哈密', '濟南', '金華', '嘉興', '江門', '濟寧', '晉中', '吉林', '九江', '揭陽', '荊州', '焦作', '錦州', '荊門', '吉安', '景德鎮', '晉城', '佳木斯', '酒泉', '濟源', '金昌', '昆明', '開封', '克拉瑪依', '喀什', '蘭州', '臨沂', '廊坊', '洛陽', '柳州', '六安', '聊城', '連雲港', '呂梁', '瀘州', '拉薩', '麗水', '樂山', '龍巖', '漯河', '臨汾', '六盤水', '涼山彝族自治州', '麗江', '婁底', '萊蕪', '遼源', '隴南', '臨夏', '來賓', '綿陽', '茂名', '馬鞍山', '梅州', '牡丹江', '眉山', '南京', '寧波', '南昌', '南寧', '南通', '南充', '南陽', '寧德', '內江', '南平', '莆田', '濮陽', '萍鄉', '平頂山', '攀枝花', '盤錦', '平涼', '普洱', '青島', '泉州', '清遠', '秦皇島', '曲靖', '衢州', '齊齊哈爾', '黔西南', '黔南', '黔東南', '欽州', '慶陽', '七臺河', '日照', '深圳', '上海', '蘇州', '瀋陽', '石家莊', '紹興', '汕頭', '宿遷', '商丘', '三亞', '上饒', '宿州', '邵陽', '十堰', '遂寧', '韶關', '三門峽', '三明', '汕尾', '隨州', '三沙', '石嘴山', '綏化', '四平', '松原', '朔州', '商洛', '天津', '太原', '唐山', '台州', '泰安', '泰州', '天水', '通遼', '銅陵', '臺灣', '銅仁', '銅川', '鐵嶺', '塔城', '天門', '通化', '武漢', '無錫', '溫州', '濰坊', '烏魯木齊', '蕪湖', '威海', '渭南', '梧州', '吳忠', '烏蘭察布', '文山', '烏海', '西安', '廈門', '徐州', '新鄉', '西寧', '咸陽', '許昌', '邢臺', '孝感', '襄陽', '香港特別行政區', '信陽', '湘潭', '咸寧', '忻州', '宣城', '西雙版納', '湘西土家族苗族自治州', '新餘', '興安盟', '煙臺', '揚州', '銀川', '鹽城', '宜昌', '岳陽', '宜春', '陽江', '玉林', '玉溪', '益陽', '宜賓', '運城', '榆林', '雲浮', '永州', '營口', '延安', '鷹潭', '延邊', '伊犁', '陽泉', '雅安', '鄭州', '珠海', '中山', '淄博', '株洲', '遵義', '湛江', '肇慶', '鎮江', '張家口', '周口', '漳州', '駐馬店', '棗莊', '長治', '舟山', '昭通', '資陽', '張掖', '自貢', '中衛', '張家界']
<class 'list'>
------------4.json格式，類型爲str-----------
["安陽", "鞍山", "澳門特別行政區", "安慶", "安順", "阿勒泰", "阿克蘇", "安康", "阿壩藏族羌族自治州", "阿拉善盟", "北京", "保定", "蚌埠", "包頭", "濱州", "寶雞", "亳州", "北海", "百色", "巴中", "畢節", "本溪", "巴音郭楞", "保山", "巴彥淖爾", "博爾塔拉", "白城", "白山", "成都", "長沙", "重慶", "長春", "常州", "滄州", "赤峯", "郴州", "潮州", "常德", "滁州", "朝陽", "承德", "池州", "楚雄", "昌吉", "崇左", "東莞", "大連", "德州", "大慶", "德陽", "東營", "大同", "達州", "大理", "丹東", "定西", "德宏", "儋州", "迪慶", "鄂州", "恩施", "鄂爾多斯", "佛山", "福州", "阜陽", "撫州", "撫順", "阜新", "防城港", "廣州", "貴陽", "桂林", "贛州", "廣元", "貴港", "廣安", "固原", "甘孜藏族自治州", "杭州", "合肥", "惠州", "哈爾濱", "海口", "呼和浩特", "邯鄲", "湖州", "衡陽", "海外", "淮安", "菏澤", "衡水", "河源", "懷化", "黃岡", "黃石", "黃山", "葫蘆島", "淮北", "淮南", "呼倫貝爾", "漢中", "賀州", "紅河", "河池", "鶴壁", "海東", "鶴崗", "哈密", "濟南", "金華", "嘉興", "江門", "濟寧", "晉中", "吉林", "九江", "揭陽", "荊州", "焦作", "錦州", "荊門", "吉安", "景德鎮", "晉城", "佳木斯", "酒泉", "濟源", "金昌", "昆明", "開封", "克拉瑪依", "喀什", "蘭州", "臨沂", "廊坊", "洛陽", "柳州", "六安", "聊城", "連雲港", "呂梁", "瀘州", "拉薩", "麗水", "樂山", "龍巖", "漯河", "臨汾", "六盤水", "涼山彝族自治州", "麗江", "婁底", "萊蕪", "遼源", "隴南", "臨夏", "來賓", "綿陽", "茂名", "馬鞍山", "梅州", "牡丹江", "眉山", "南京", "寧波", "南昌", "南寧", "南通", "南充", "南陽", "寧德", "內江", "南平", "莆田", "濮陽", "萍鄉", "平頂山", "攀枝花", "盤錦", "平涼", "普洱", "青島", "泉州", "清遠", "秦皇島", "曲靖", "衢州", "齊齊哈爾", "黔西南", "黔南", "黔東南", "欽州", "慶陽", "七臺河", "日照", "深圳", "上海", "蘇州", "瀋陽", "石家莊", "紹興", "汕頭", "宿遷", "商丘", "三亞", "上饒", "宿州", "邵陽", "十堰", "遂寧", "韶關", "三門峽", "三明", "汕尾", "隨州", "三沙", "石嘴山", "綏化", "四平", "松原", "朔州", "商洛", "天津", "太原", "唐山", "台州", "泰安", "泰州", "天水", "通遼", "銅陵", "臺灣", "銅仁", "銅川", "鐵嶺", "塔城", "天門", "通化", "武漢", "無錫", "溫州", "濰坊", "烏魯木齊", "蕪湖", "威海", "渭南", "梧州", "吳忠", "烏蘭察布", "文山", "烏海", "西安", "廈門", "徐州", "新鄉", "西寧", "咸陽", "許昌", "邢臺", "孝感", "襄陽", "香港特別行政區", "信陽", "湘潭", "咸寧", "忻州", "宣城", "西雙版納", "湘西土家族苗族自治州", "新餘", "興安盟", "煙臺", "揚州", "銀川", "鹽城", "宜昌", "岳陽", "宜春", "陽江", "玉林", "玉溪", "益陽", "宜賓", "運城", "榆林", "雲浮", "永州", "營口", "延安", "鷹潭", "延邊", "伊犁", "陽泉", "雅安", "鄭州", "珠海", "中山", "淄博", "株洲", "遵義", "湛江", "肇慶", "鎮江", "張家口", "周口", "漳州", "駐馬店", "棗莊", "長治", "舟山", "昭通", "資陽", "張掖", "自貢", "中衛", "張家界"]
<class 'str'>