import pandas as pd
data = {'year':['2018','2019','2018','2018','2019','2019','2018','2019'],
'數學':[83,90,98,90,88,88,88,89],
'英語':[92,89,90,78,83,90,91,95]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df
# df = df['數學'].rank()
df['排名'] = df.groupby('year',axis=0)['數學'].rank(ascending=False)
df