【樹莓派】備份系統、備份SD卡、裁剪全備份的系統

注意第一點，如果要使用移動硬盤備份你的樹莓派，供電一定要5V2A線，別用筆記本USB供電或者劣質供電器、供電線，否則有黃色小閃電⚡，時間久了會對CPU造成傷害，同樣供電不夠也帶不動硬盤。注意你的樹莓派紅燈一直在閃就說明供電不夠，請馬上關機換電源。

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 本文使用SD全備份工具bkup_rpimage 當然你要使用 Win32DiskImager  進行全備份也行。

使用方法

進入Github 上面的鏈接，下載bkup_rpimage.sh，保存到你的U盤裏

給上執行權限

chmod +x bkup_rpimage.sh

然後cd進U盤直接備份啦，讓他自己生成日期.img（/media/pi/eVtranDisk 這是我U盤路徑，要改成你自己的路徑）

sudo sh bkup_rpimage.sh start -c /media/pi/eVtranDisk/rpi_backup-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).img

慢慢等待，沒有進度條，備份最終名稱rpi_backup-2020-05-08.img

停留在這個界面大概30多分鐘就開始進行滾動了

耐心等待，腳本方式有點慢，最終花了我2個小時。。。 。Win32DiskImager會快很多，缺點是要在windows平臺操作，還把SD卡取出來，有些小夥伴套了保護盒子就難得拆。。

最終把全備份img做好了，現在是內存卡多大，備份的img文件就有多大。接着進行裁剪

進入GitHub或見文尾附錄，下載PiShrink裁剪工具，把sh下載到本地，給上執行權限

chmod +x pishrink.sh

然後裁剪多餘空白的img空間

sudo bash pishrink.sh rpi_backup-2020-05-08.img

可以看到從30G縮小到11G

 

 

參考手冊

bkup_rpimage

備份樹莓派系統映像的腳本

例子

備份到rpi_backup.img文件

bkup_rpimage.sh start -c /path/to/rpi_backup.img

備份到rpi_backup.img文件，限制8000MB（博主內心OS不知道這是幹嘛的，備份加啥限制呀）

bkup_rpimage.sh start -s 8000 -c /path/to/rpi_backup.img

使用樹莓派的主機名作爲SD映像文件名（爲了方便多臺樹莓派的管理員吧）

bkup_rpimage.sh start /path/to/$(uname -n).img

使用樹莓派的主機名和今天的日期作爲SD鏡像文件名，如果它不存在，創建它，並在備份後壓縮它，特別注意這裏的壓縮指的是全備份後再用你的全備份img壓縮一份gz文件，所以SD卡多大，最終的img就是多大。不實用，不推薦。

bkup_rpimage.sh start -cz /path/to/$(uname -n)-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).img

把SD映像放到指定文件夾/mnt/rpi_image

bkup_rpimage.sh mount /path/to/$(uname -n).img /mnt/rpi_image

從默認掛載目錄卸載SD映像 (/mnt/raspi-2020-11-10.img/)

bkup_rpimage.sh umount /path/to/raspi-2020-11-10.img

附錄

 PiShrink.sh

#!/bin/bash
version="v0.1.2"
CURRENT_DIR="$(pwd)"
SCRIPTNAME="${0##*/}"
MYNAME="${SCRIPTNAME%.*}"
LOGFILE="${CURRENT_DIR}/${SCRIPTNAME%.*}.log"
REQUIRED_TOOLS="parted losetup tune2fs md5sum e2fsck resize2fs"
ZIPTOOLS=("gzip xz")
declare -A ZIP_PARALLEL_TOOL=( [gzip]="pigz" [xz]="xz" ) # parallel zip tool to use in parallel mode
declare -A ZIP_PARALLEL_OPTIONS=( [gzip]="-f9" [xz]="-T0" ) # options for zip tools in parallel mode
declare -A ZIPEXTENSIONS=( [gzip]="gz" [xz]="xz" ) # extensions of zipped files

function info() {
	echo "$SCRIPTNAME: $1 ..."
}

function error() {
	echo -n "$SCRIPTNAME: ERROR occured in line $1: "
	shift
	echo "$@"
}

function cleanup() {
	if losetup "$loopback" &>/dev/null; then
		losetup -d "$loopback"
	fi
	if [ "$debug" = true ]; then
		local old_owner=$(stat -c %u:%g "$src")
		chown "$old_owner" "$LOGFILE"
	fi

}

function logVariables() {
	if [ "$debug" = true ]; then
		echo "Line $1" >> "$LOGFILE"
		shift
		local v var
		for var in "$@"; do
			eval "v=\$$var"
			echo "$var: $v" >> "$LOGFILE"
		done
	fi
}

function checkFilesystem() {
	info "Checking filesystem"
	e2fsck -pf "$loopback"
	(( $? < 4 )) && return

	info "Filesystem error detected!"

	info "Trying to recover corrupted filesystem"
	e2fsck -y "$loopback"
	(( $? < 4 )) && return

if [[ $repair == true ]]; then
	info "Trying to recover corrupted filesystem - Phase 2"
	e2fsck -fy -b 32768 "$loopback"
	(( $? < 4 )) && return
fi
	error $LINENO "Filesystem recoveries failed. Giving up..."
	exit -9

}

help() {
	local help
	read -r -d '' help << EOM
Usage: $0 [-adhrspvzZ] imagefile.img [newimagefile.img]
  -s         Don't expand filesystem when image is booted the first time
  -v			 Be verbose
  -r         Use advanced filesystem repair option if the normal one fails
  -z         Compress image after shrinking with gzip
  -Z         Compress image after shrinking with xz
  -a         Compress image in parallel using multiple cores
  -p         Remove logs, apt archives, dhcp leases and ssh hostkeys
  -d         Write debug messages in a debug log file
EOM
	echo "$help"
	exit -1
}

should_skip_autoexpand=false
debug=false
repair=false
parallel=false
verbose=false
prep=false
ziptool=""
required_tools="$REQUIRED_TOOLS"

while getopts ":adhprsvzZ" opt; do
  case "${opt}" in
    a) parallel=true;;
    d) debug=true;;
    h) help;;
    p) prep=true;;
    r) repair=true;;
    s) should_skip_autoexpand=true ;;
    v) verbose=true;;
    z) ziptool="gzip";;
    Z) ziptool="xz";;
    *) help;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))

if [ "$debug" = true ]; then
	info "Creating log file $LOGFILE"
	rm "$LOGFILE" &>/dev/null
	exec 1> >(stdbuf -i0 -o0 -e0 tee -a "$LOGFILE" >&1)
	exec 2> >(stdbuf -i0 -o0 -e0 tee -a "$LOGFILE" >&2)
fi

echo "${0##*/} $version"

#Args
src="$1"
img="$1"

#Usage checks
if [[ -z "$img" ]]; then
  help
fi

if [[ ! -f "$img" ]]; then
  error $LINENO "$img is not a file..."
  exit -2
fi
if (( EUID != 0 )); then
  error $LINENO "You need to be running as root."
  exit -3
fi

# check selected compression tool is supported and installed
if [[ -n $ziptool ]]; then
	if [[ ! " ${ZIPTOOLS[@]} " =~ " $ziptool " ]]; then
		error $LINENO "$ziptool is an unsupported ziptool."
		exit -17
	else
		if [[ $parallel == true && ziptool == "gzip" ]]; then
			REQUIRED_TOOLS="$REQUIRED_TOOLS pigz"
		else
			REQUIRED_TOOLS="$REQUIRED_TOOLS $ziptool"
		fi
	fi
fi

#Check that what we need is installed
for command in $REQUIRED_TOOLS; do
  command -v $command >/dev/null 2>&1
  if (( $? != 0 )); then
    error $LINENO "$command is not installed."
    exit -4
  fi
done

#Copy to new file if requested
if [ -n "$2" ]; then
  info "Copying $1 to $2..."
  cp --reflink=auto --sparse=always "$1" "$2"
  if (( $? != 0 )); then
    error $LINENO "Could not copy file..."
    exit -5
  fi
  old_owner=$(stat -c %u:%g "$1")
  chown "$old_owner" "$2"
  img="$2"
fi

# cleanup at script exit
trap cleanup ERR EXIT

#Gather info
info "Gathering data"
beforesize="$(ls -lh "$img" | cut -d ' ' -f 5)"
parted_output="$(parted -ms "$img" unit B print)"
rc=$?
if (( $rc )); then
	error $LINENO "parted failed with rc $rc"
	info "Possibly invalid image. Run 'parted $img unit B print' manually to investigate"
	exit -6
fi
partnum="$(echo "$parted_output" | tail -n 1 | cut -d ':' -f 1)"
partstart="$(echo "$parted_output" | tail -n 1 | cut -d ':' -f 2 | tr -d 'B')"
loopback="$(losetup -f --show -o "$partstart" "$img")"
tune2fs_output="$(tune2fs -l "$loopback")"
currentsize="$(echo "$tune2fs_output" | grep '^Block count:' | tr -d ' ' | cut -d ':' -f 2)"
blocksize="$(echo "$tune2fs_output" | grep '^Block size:' | tr -d ' ' | cut -d ':' -f 2)"

logVariables $LINENO beforesize parted_output partnum partstart tune2fs_output currentsize blocksize

#Check if we should make pi expand rootfs on next boot
if [ "$should_skip_autoexpand" = false ]; then
  #Make pi expand rootfs on next boot
  mountdir=$(mktemp -d)
  mount "$loopback" "$mountdir"

  if [ "$(md5sum "$mountdir/etc/rc.local" | cut -d ' ' -f 1)" != "0542054e9ff2d2e0507ea1ffe7d4fc87" ]; then
    echo "Creating new /etc/rc.local"
    mv "$mountdir/etc/rc.local" "$mountdir/etc/rc.local.bak"
    #####Do not touch the following lines#####

cat <<\EOF1 > "$mountdir/etc/rc.local"
#!/bin/bash
do_expand_rootfs() {
  ROOT_PART=$(mount | sed -n 's|^/dev/\(.*\) on / .*|\1|p')
  PART_NUM=${ROOT_PART#mmcblk0p}
  if [ "$PART_NUM" = "$ROOT_PART" ]; then
    echo "$ROOT_PART is not an SD card. Don't know how to expand"
    return 0
  fi
  # Get the starting offset of the root partition
  PART_START=$(parted /dev/mmcblk0 -ms unit s p | grep "^${PART_NUM}" | cut -f 2 -d: | sed 's/[^0-9]//g')
  [ "$PART_START" ] || return 1
  # Return value will likely be error for fdisk as it fails to reload the
  # partition table because the root fs is mounted
  fdisk /dev/mmcblk0 <<EOF
p
d
$PART_NUM
n
p
$PART_NUM
$PART_START
p
w
EOF
cat <<EOF > /etc/rc.local &&
#!/bin/sh
echo "Expanding /dev/$ROOT_PART"
resize2fs /dev/$ROOT_PART
rm -f /etc/rc.local; cp -f /etc/rc.local.bak /etc/rc.local; /etc/rc.local
EOF
reboot
exit
}
raspi_config_expand() {
/usr/bin/env raspi-config --expand-rootfs
if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
  return -1
else
  rm -f /etc/rc.local; cp -f /etc/rc.local.bak /etc/rc.local; /etc/rc.local
  reboot
  exit
fi
}
raspi_config_expand
echo "WARNING: Using backup expand..."
sleep 5
do_expand_rootfs
echo "ERROR: Expanding failed..."
sleep 5
rm -f /etc/rc.local; cp -f /etc/rc.local.bak /etc/rc.local; /etc/rc.local
exit 0
EOF1
    #####End no touch zone#####
    chmod +x "$mountdir/etc/rc.local"
  fi
  umount "$mountdir"
else
  echo "Skipping autoexpanding process..."
fi

if [[ $prep == true ]]; then
  info "Syspreping: Removing logs, apt archives, dhcp leases and ssh hostkeys"
  mountdir=$(mktemp -d)
  mount "$loopback" "$mountdir"
  rm -rf "$mountdir/var/cache/apt/archives/*" "$mountdir/var/lib/dhcpcd5/*" "$mountdir/var/log/*" "$mountdir/var/tmp/*" "$mountdir/tmp/*" "$mountdir/etc/ssh/*_host_*"
  umount "$mountdir"
fi


#Make sure filesystem is ok
checkFilesystem

if ! minsize=$(resize2fs -P "$loopback"); then
	rc=$?
	error $LINENO "resize2fs failed with rc $rc"
	exit -10
fi
minsize=$(cut -d ':' -f 2 <<< "$minsize" | tr -d ' ')
logVariables $LINENO currentsize minsize
if [[ $currentsize -eq $minsize ]]; then
  error $LINENO "Image already shrunk to smallest size"
  exit -11
fi

#Add some free space to the end of the filesystem
extra_space=$(($currentsize - $minsize))
logVariables $LINENO extra_space
for space in 5000 1000 100; do
  if [[ $extra_space -gt $space ]]; then
    minsize=$(($minsize + $space))
    break
  fi
done
logVariables $LINENO minsize

#Shrink filesystem
info "Shrinking filesystem"
resize2fs -p "$loopback" $minsize
rc=$?
if (( $rc )); then
  error $LINENO "resize2fs failed with rc $rc"
  mount "$loopback" "$mountdir"
  mv "$mountdir/etc/rc.local.bak" "$mountdir/etc/rc.local"
  umount "$mountdir"
  losetup -d "$loopback"
  exit -12
fi
sleep 1

#Shrink partition
partnewsize=$(($minsize * $blocksize))
newpartend=$(($partstart + $partnewsize))
logVariables $LINENO partnewsize newpartend
parted -s -a minimal "$img" rm "$partnum"
rc=$?
if (( $rc )); then
	error $LINENO "parted failed with rc $rc"
	exit -13
fi

parted -s "$img" unit B mkpart primary "$partstart" "$newpartend"
rc=$?
if (( $rc )); then
	error $LINENO "parted failed with rc $rc"
	exit -14
fi

#Truncate the file
info "Shrinking image"
endresult=$(parted -ms "$img" unit B print free)
rc=$?
if (( $rc )); then
	error $LINENO "parted failed with rc $rc"
	exit -15
fi

endresult=$(tail -1 <<< "$endresult" | cut -d ':' -f 2 | tr -d 'B')
logVariables $LINENO endresult
truncate -s "$endresult" "$img"
rc=$?
if (( $rc )); then
	error $LINENO "trunate failed with rc $rc"
	exit -16
fi

# handle compression
if [[ -n $ziptool ]]; then
	options=""
	envVarname="${MYNAME^^}_${ziptool^^}" # PISHRINK_GZIP or PISHRINK_XZ environment variables allow to override all options for gzip or xz
	[[ $parallel == true ]] && options="${ZIP_PARALLEL_OPTIONS[$ziptool]}"
	[[ -v $envVarname ]] && options="${!envVarname}" # if environment variable defined use these options
	[[ $verbose == true ]] && options="$options -v" # add verbose flag if requested
	
	if [[ $parallel == true ]]; then
		parallel_tool="${ZIP_PARALLEL_TOOL[$ziptool]}"
		info "Using $parallel_tool on the shrunk image"
		if ! $parallel_tool ${options} "$img"; then
			rc=$?
			error $LINENO "$parallel_tool failed with rc $rc"
			exit -18
		fi
		
	else # sequential
		info "Using $ziptool on the shrunk image"
		if ! $ziptool ${options} $img; then
			rc=$?
			error $LINENO "$ziptool failed with rc $rc"
			exit -19
		fi
	fi
	img=$img.${ZIPEXTENSIONS[$ziptool]}
fi

aftersize=$(ls -lh "$img" | cut -d ' ' -f 5)
logVariables $LINENO aftersize

info "Shrunk $img from $beforesize to $aftersize"