Linux-基础正规表示法

8.正规表示法

本章同步视频:https://edu.51cto.com/sd/e4874

8.1 正规表示法

       正规表示法就是处理字符串的方法,他是以行为单位来进行字符串的处理行为,正规表示法透过一些特殊符号的辅助,可以让使用者轻易的达到『搜寻/删除/取代』某特定字符串的处理程序!

8.2 基础正规表示法

8.2.1 语系对正规表示法的影响

       使用正规表示法时,需要特别留意当时环境的语系为何,否则可能会发现与别人不相同的撷取结果喔!底下的很多练习都是使用『 』这个语系数据来进行

特殊符号

代表意义

[:alnum:]

代表英文大小写字符及数字,亦即 0-9, A-Z, a-z

[:alpha:]

代表任何英文大小写字符,亦即 A-Z,   a-z

[:blank:]

代表空格键与   [Tab] 按键两者

[:cntrl:]

代表键盘上面的控制按键,亦即包括 CR, LF, Tab, Del.. 等等

[:digit:]

代表数字而已,亦即 0-9

[:graph:]

除了空格符 (空格键与   [Tab] 按键) 外的其他所有按键

[:lower:]

代表小写字符,亦即 a-z

[:print:]

代表任何可以被打印出来的字符

[:punct:]

代表标点符号   (punctuation symbol),亦即:" ' ? ! ; : # $...

[:upper:]

代表大写字符,亦即 A-Z

[:space:]

任何会产生空白的字符,包括空格键, [Tab], CR 等等

[:xdigit:]

代表 16 进位的数字类型,因此包括:0-9,   A-F, a-f 的数字与字符

8.2.2 grep 的一些进阶选项

1.grep语法

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep [-A] [-B] [--color=auto] '搜寻字符串' filename

选项与参数:

-A :后面可加数字,为 after 的意思,除了列出该行外,后续的 n 行也列出来;

-B :后面可加数字,为 befer 的意思,除了列出该行外,前面的 n 行也列出来;

--color=auto 可将正确的那个撷取数据列出颜色

2.用法

[root@localhost tmp]# alias

alias cp='cp -i'

alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'

alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'

alias grep='grep --color=auto'

alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'

alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'

alias ls='ls --color=auto'

alias mv='mv -i'

alias rm='rm -i'

alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'

[root@localhost tmp]# alias | grep "mv"

alias mv='mv -i'

[root@localhost tmp]# alias | grep -A1 -B2 "mv"

alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'

alias ls='ls --color=auto'

alias mv='mv -i'

alias rm='rm -i'

8.2.3 基础正规表示法练习

RE 字符

意义与范例

^word

意义:待搜寻的字符串(word)在行首!

范例:搜寻行首为 # 开始的那一行,并列出行号

grep -n '^#' regular_express.txt

word$

意义:待搜寻的字符串(word)在行尾!

范例:将行尾为 ! 的那一行打印出来,并列出行号

grep -n '!$' regular_express.txt

.

意义:代表『一定有一个任意字符』的字符!

范例:搜寻的字符串可以是   (eve) (eae) (eee) (e e),但不能仅有 (ee) !亦即 e e 中间『一定』仅有一个字符,而空格符也是字符!

grep -n 'e.e' regular_express.txt

\

意义:跳脱字符,将特殊符号的特殊意义去除!

范例:搜寻含有单引号 ' 的那一行!

grep -n \' regular_express.txt

*

意义:重复零个到无穷多个的前一个 RE 字符

范例:找出含有 (es)   (ess) (esss) 等等的字符串,注意,因为 * 可以是 0 个,所以 es 也是符合带搜寻字符串。另外,因为 * 为重复『前一个 RE 字符』的符号,因此,在 * 之前必须要紧接着一个 RE 字符喔!例如任意字符则为『.*』!

grep -n 'ess*' regular_express.txt

[list]

意义:字符集合的 RE 字符,里面列出想要撷取的字符!

范例:搜寻含有 (gl)   (gd) 的那一行,需要特别留意的是,在 [] 当中『谨代表一个待搜寻的字符』,例如『 a[afl]y 』代表搜寻的字符串可以是 aay, afy, aly [afl] 代表 a f l 的意思!

grep -n 'g[ld]' regular_express.txt

[n1-n2]

意义:字符集合的 RE 字符,里面列出想要撷取的字符范围!

范例:搜寻含有任意数字的那一行!需特别留意,在字符集合 [] 中的减号 - 是有特殊意义的,他代表两个字符之间的所有连续字符!但这个连续与否与 ASCII 编码有关,因此,你的编码需要设定正确( bash 当中,需要确定 LANG LANGUAGE 的变量是否正确!) 例如所有大写字符则为   [A-Z]

grep -n '[A-Z]' regular_express.txt

[^list]

意义:字符集合的 RE 字符,里面列出不要的字符串或范围!

范例:搜寻的字符串可以是   (oog) (ood) 但不能是 (oot) ,那个 ^ [] 内时,代表的意义是『反向选择』的意思。例如,我不要大写字符,则为 [^A-Z]。但是,需要特别注意的是,如果以 grep -n [^A-Z]   regular_express.txt 来搜寻,却发现该档案内的所有行都被列出,为什么?因为这个 [^A-Z] 是『非大写字符』的意思,因为每一行均有非大写字符,例如第一行的"Open Source"就有 p,e,n,o.... 等等的小写字

grep -n 'oo[^t]' regular_express.txt

\{n,m\}

意义:连续 n m 个的『前一个 RE 字符』

意义:若为   \{n\} 则是连续 n 个的前一个 RE 字符,

意义:若是   \{n,\} 则是连续 n 个以上的前一个 RE 字符! 范例:在 g g 之间有 2 个到 3 个的 o 存在的字符串,亦即   (goog)(gooog)

grep -n 'go\{2,3\}g' regular_express.txt

1.测试文档

[root@localhost tmp]# cat test

"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.

apple is my favorite food.

Football game is not use feet only.

this dress doesn't fit me.

However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.^M

GNU is free air not free beer.^M

Her hair is very beauty.^M

I can't finish the test.^M

Oh! The soup taste good.^M

motorcycle is cheap than car.

This window is clear.

the symbol '*' is represented as start.

Oh!     My god!

The gd software is a library for drafting programs.^M

You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".

I like dog.

google is the best tools for search keyword.

goooooogle yes!

go! go! Let's go.

# I am VBird

                            #文档含有空行

2.搜寻特定字符串

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n "the" test    #查找含有"the"的行

8:I can't finish the test.^M                   #-n,显示行号

12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.

15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -vn "the" test     #-v,查找不含"the"的行

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -in "the" test      #-i,不区分大小写

3.利用中括号 [] 来搜寻集合字符

[root@localhost tmp]#  grep -n 't[ae]st' test      #查找含有test或者tast的行

8:I can't finish the test.^M

9:Oh! The soup taste good.^M

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'oo' test     #查找含有oo的行

1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.

2:apple is my favorite food.

3:Football game is not use feet only.

9:Oh! The soup taste good.^M

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

19:goooooogle yes!

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '[^g]oo' test     #不是以g开头的oo

2:apple is my favorite food.

3:Football game is not use feet only.

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

19:goooooogle yes!

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '[^a-z]oo' test    #不是以小写字母开头的oo

3:Football game is not use feet only.

#注:下面的语句效果相同:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '[^[:lower:]]oo' test

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '[0-9]' test     #含有数字的行

5:However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.^M

15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

#注:下面的语句效果相同:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '[[:digit:]]' test

4.行首与行尾字符 ^ $

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '^the' test      #以the开头的行

12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '^[0-9]' test   #以数字开头的行

#注:下面的命令效果相同:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '^[[:digit:]]' test

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '^[a-z]' test   #以小写字母开头的行

2:apple is my favorite food.

4:this dress doesn't fit me.

10:motorcycle is cheap than car.

12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

19:goooooogle yes!

20:go! go! Let's go.

#注:下面的命令效果相同:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '^[[:lower:]]' test

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '^[^a-zA-Z]' test     #不是以字母开头的行

1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.

21:# I am VBird

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '\.$' test     #以.结尾的行

1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.

2:apple is my favorite food.

3:Football game is not use feet only.

4:this dress doesn't fit me.

10:motorcycle is cheap than car.

11:This window is clear.

12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.

15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".

17:I like dog.

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

20:go! go! Let's go.

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '^$' test     #空行

22:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -vn '^$' test | grep -vn '^#'   #去掉空行和注释行

5.任意一个字符 . 与重复字符 *

u  . (小数点):代表『一定有一个任意字符』的意思;

u  * (星星号):代表『重复前一个字符, 0 到无穷多次』的意思,为组合形态

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'g..d' test    #g和d中间有两个字符

1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.

9:Oh! The soup taste good.^M

16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'ooo*' test    #两个或以上的o

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'goo*g' test    #两个g之间至少有一个o

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'g*g' test     #至少一个g

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'g.*g' test    #含有两个g

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '[0-9][0-9]*' test     #含有数值

#注:个人感觉和下面的命令效果一样:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n '[0-9]' test

6.限定连续 RE 字符范围 {}

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'o\{2\}' test   #含有连续两个o

1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.

2:apple is my favorite food.

3:Football game is not use feet only.

9:Oh! The soup taste good.^M

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

19:goooooogle yes!

#注:下面的命令效果一样:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'ooo*' test

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'o\{2,5\}' test   #含有连续2-5个o

1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.

2:apple is my favorite food.

3:Football game is not use feet only.

9:Oh! The soup taste good.^M

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

19:goooooogle yes!

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'o\{5,\}' test      #含有5个或以上个o

19:goooooogle yes!

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'go\{2,\}g' test    #g和g之间含有2个或以上个o

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

19:goooooogle yes!

#注:下面的语句效果一样:

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'gooo*g' test

[root@localhost tmp]# grep -n 'go\{2,5\}g' test   #g和g之间含有2-5个o

18:google is the best tools for search keyword.


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