簡介
優化問題是工程實踐中經常遇到的一種問題。簡單講,就是搜索優化出一組自變量參數,使得目標函數達到極小值(極大值)。
如何搜索出這組參數呢:這就是優化算法做的事情。不同的優化算法適用於不同的優化問題。
本文簡要介紹在python種NM算法來解決局部優化問題。
注意:scipy.optimize中的fmin和minimize都能調用NM算法來優化。兩者區別:
- minimize是更通用的優化算法接口,它不僅包含NM算法,也可以調用其他算法;而fmin就只能用NM算法
- minimize中的NM算法多一個adaptive參數,可以提高高維的優化問題的收斂速度
- fmin的一個好處:支持直接返回優化過程中的迭代參數,有助於可視化。
本文用fmin來重新實現一遍minimize的例子。
接口
實例1:Himmelblau函數
優化流程
代碼
def cost_function(x):
return (x[0]**2+x[1]-11)**2+(x[0]+x[1]**2-7)**2
x_center = np.array([0,0])
step = 0.5
x0 = np.vstack((x_center, x_center+np.diag((step,step))))
xtol,ftol = 1e-3,1e-3
xopt,fopt,iter,funcalls,warnflags,allvecs = fmin(cost_function,x_center,initial_simplex=x0,xtol=xtol,ftol=ftol,disp=1,retall=1,full_output=1)
print(xopt,fopt)
n = 50
x = np.linspace(-6,6,n)
y = np.linspace(-6,6,n)
z = np.zeros((n,n))
for i,a in enumerate(x):
for j,b in enumerate(y):
z[i,j] = cost_function([a,b])
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x,y)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
c = ax.pcolormesh(xx,yy,z.T,cmap='jet')
fig.colorbar(c, ax=ax)
t = np.asarray(allvecs)
x_, y_ = t[:,0], t[:,1]
ax.plot(x_,y_,'r',x_[0],y_[0],'go',x_[-1],y_[-1],'y+',markersize=6)
fig2 = plt.figure()
ax1 = plt.subplot(221)
ax2 = plt.subplot(222)
ax3 = plt.subplot(212)
ax1.plot(x_)
ax1.set_title('x')
ax2.plot(y_)
ax2.set_title('y')
ax3.plot(ys)
結果
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.000002
Iterations: 35
Function evaluations: 68
[3.00021471 1.99974856] 1.7007332966814985e-06
對初值敏感
代碼
def cost_function(x):
return (x[0]**2+x[1]-11)**2+(x[0]+x[1]**2-7)**2
n = 50
x = np.linspace(-6,6,n)
y = np.linspace(-6,6,n)
z = np.zeros((n,n))
for i,a in enumerate(x):
for j,b in enumerate(y):
z[i,j] = cost_function([a,b])
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x,y)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12,8))
centers = [[0,0],[-1,0],[0,-1],[-1,-1]]
for i,center in enumerate(centers):
x_center = np.array(center)
step = 0.5
x0 = np.vstack((x_center, x_center+np.diag((step,step))))
xtol,ftol = 1e-3,1e-3
xopt,fopt,iter,funcalls,warnflags,allvecs = fmin(cost_function,x_center,initial_simplex=x0,xtol=xtol,ftol=ftol,disp=1,retall=1,full_output=1)
print(xopt,fopt)
ii,jj = i//2,i%2
ax = axes[ii][jj]
c = ax.pcolormesh(xx,yy,z.T,cmap='jet')
fig.colorbar(c, ax=ax)
t = np.asarray(allvecs)
x_, y_ = t[:,0], t[:,1]
ax.plot(x_,y_,'r',x_[0],y_[0],'go',x_[-1],y_[-1],'y+',markersize=6)
結果
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.000002
Iterations: 35
Function evaluations: 68
[3.00021471 1.99974856] 1.7007332966814985e-06
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.000003
Iterations: 31
Function evaluations: 60
[-2.80534914 3.13148297] 2.851032148018009e-06
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.000001
Iterations: 40
Function evaluations: 74
[ 3.58440786 -1.8484002 ] 1.1592413943034185e-06
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.000002
Iterations: 37
Function evaluations: 69
[-3.77937271 -3.28299281] 2.2138273459910166e-06