Java容器——LinkedList(Java8 )源碼解析

    LinkedList繼承自List,是一種常用的容器。雖然同爲ArrayList和LinkedList同爲List,但二者的實現方式完全不同,導致二者的性能和使用場景都有較大的不同,本文將從源碼角度解析LinkedList。

    

    LinkedList的類圖關係如上圖所示。簡而言之,LinkedList是實現了可複製,可序列化的一種雙向鏈表。雖然它同時實現了List和Deque接口,從內在基因上個人更傾向於將其歸於雙向隊列。下面就從源碼的角度看一看LinkedList的實現。

    一 成員變量

    /**
    *
    * LinkedList的結點
    */
    private static class Node<E> {
        E item;
        Node<E> next;
        Node<E> prev;

        Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
            this.item = element;
            this.next = next;
            this.prev = prev;
        }
    }
    
    // size of list
    transient int size = 0;

    /**
    *  Pointer to first node
    */
    transient Node<T> first;
    
    /**
    *  Pointer to lastnode
    */
    transient Node<T> last;

    這裏列出了幾個關鍵的變量。首先重中之重是Node,即LinkedList的結點。每一個LinkedList由一個一個的Node連接起來。Node由三部分組成,前驅指針指向前一個Node,後繼指針指向後面的Node,結點元素存儲值。其他幾個變量從字面上也都很容易理解。

    二 關鍵函數

    1 構造函數

/**
 * Constructs an empty list.
 */
public LinkedList() {
}

/**
 * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
 * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
 * iterator.
 *
 * @param  c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    this();
    addAll(c);
}

 

    LinkedList的構造函數有兩個,一個是從集合從生成List,一個是空的構造函數。對於空的構造函數,size初始化爲0,首節點和尾結點都爲空指針。

    2 增刪元素

       LinkedList同時實現了List和Deque接口,這兩種接口對數據的操作有不同的接口函數和表現形式,不過從本質上說,都是針對Node的操作,這裏我們着重關注增加和刪除結點,其他的接口都可以由此衍變而來。

/**
 * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
 * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
 * subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
 *
 * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
 * @param element element to be inserted
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public void add(int index, E element) {
    checkPositionIndex(index);

    if (index == size)
        linkLast(element);
    else
        linkBefore(element, node(index));
}

/**
 * Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
 */
void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
    // assert succ != null;
    final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
    final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
    succ.prev = newNode;
    if (pred == null)
        first = newNode;
    else
        pred.next = newNode;
    size++;
    modCount++;
}

/**
 * Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
 */
Node<E> node(int index) {
    // assert isElementIndex(index);

    if (index < (size >> 1)) {
        Node<E> x = first;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
            x = x.next;
        return x;
    } else {
        Node<E> x = last;
        for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
            x = x.prev;
        return x;
    }
}

    增加元素看add這個函數就夠了。首先判斷增加元素的下標是否合法,增加位置等於List長度則在尾結點後添加Node。更爲一般的,則是在任意位置添加元素。添加時首先要找到這個結點要放置的位置,找位置的方式是先將List長度二分,然後根據index和二分位置的比較來決定是在前半部分還是後半部分遍歷尋找。由於LinkedList遍歷需要從每一個結點找到指向下一個結點的指針,再如此循環,所以這種遍歷比較耗時,時間複雜度爲O(n)(n爲List長度)。而在LinkedList的開頭和結尾處添加元素則很快,只需要O(1)常數時間。

/**
 * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.  Shifts any
 * subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices).
 * Returns the element that was removed from the list.
 *
 * @param index the index of the element to be removed
 * @return the element previously at the specified position
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public E remove(int index) {
    checkElementIndex(index);
    return unlink(node(index));
}

/**
 * Unlinks non-null node x.
 */
E unlink(Node<E> x) {
    // assert x != null;
    final E element = x.item;
    final Node<E> next = x.next;
    final Node<E> prev = x.prev;

    if (prev == null) {
        first = next;
    } else {
        prev.next = next;
        x.prev = null;
    }

    if (next == null) {
        last = prev;
    } else {
        next.prev = prev;
        x.next = null;
    }

    x.item = null;
    size--;
    modCount++;
    return element;
}

    刪除結點同樣也需要找到它的位置。如果前驅結點爲空,說明是List首部,則後面的結點作爲首結點。如果後續結點爲空,則前驅結點作爲List尾。如果在隊列中間,則將前後兩個結點連接起來,並將自身清空,縮短隊列長度。可以看到,刪除的操作並不複雜,主要時間在查找結點位置上,同樣也是O(n)的複雜度。

    3 方法示例

/**
 * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
 *
 * @param index index of the element to return
 * @return the element at the specified position in this list
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public E get(int index) {
    checkElementIndex(index);
    return node(index).item;
}

/**
 * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the
 * specified element.
 *
 * @param index index of the element to replace
 * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
 * @return the element previously at the specified position
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public E set(int index, E element) {
    checkElementIndex(index);
    Node<E> x = node(index);
    E oldVal = x.item;
    x.item = element;
    return oldVal;
}

/**
 * Adds the specified element as the tail (last element) of this list.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
 * @since 1.5
 */
public boolean offer(E e) {
    return add(e);
}

/**
 * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list.  In other
 * words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
 *
 * @param e the element to push
 * @since 1.6
 */
public void push(E e) {
    addFirst(e);
}

/**
 * Pops an element from the stack represented by this list.  In other
 * words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
 *
 * @return the element at the front of this list (which is the top
 *         of the stack represented by this list)
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 * @since 1.6
 */
public E pop() {
    return removeFirst();
}

    可以看到,常用的get,set方法,主要是在找元素的位置。其他如常見的隊列方法,都是在add,remove的基礎上做了封裝。

   三 小結

    LinkedList是一個List,也是一個Deque,有較爲豐富的接口。不同於ArrayList可以用下標找到地址,LinkedList的增刪改查都需要遍歷List,處理起來比較耗時,因此適用於經常對首尾元素操作且性能要求不高的場景。此外,由於LinkedList是動態申請每一塊內存,對內存的連續性要求不高,在虛擬機堆內存較少的情況下可以考慮使用。

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