机器学习系列（十） 支持向量机SVM 2020.6.11

前言

本节学习支持向量机SVM

• 决策边界离两边的点都尽可能远
• 模型泛化能力强

1、原理

如图所示
SVM就是希望决策边界离两边的点都尽量远
求最大化的margin=2d

公式推导如下

得到的公式是

正则

2、实现

通过scikit库来实现SVM如下

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC

"""使用scikit库实现SVM"""
# 数据
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
X = X[y<2,:2]
y = y[y<2]
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1], color='red')
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1], color='blue')
plt.show()
# 数据标准化
standardScaler = StandardScaler()
standardScaler.fit(X)
X_standard = standardScaler.transform(X)
# 线性SVM
svc = LinearSVC(C=1e9) #正则里的C
svc.fit(X_standard, y)
# 决策边界可视化
def plot_decision_boundary(model, axis):
    x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(
        np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], int((axis[1] - axis[0]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1),
        np.linspace(axis[2], axis[3], int((axis[3] - axis[2]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1),
    )
    X_new = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]
    y_predict = model.predict(X_new)
    zz = y_predict.reshape(x0.shape)
    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
    custom_cmap = ListedColormap(['#EF9A9A', '#FFF59D', '#90CAF9'])
    plt.contourf(x0, x1, zz, linewidth=5, cmap=custom_cmap)
plot_decision_boundary(svc, axis=[-3, 3, -3, 3])
plt.scatter(X_standard[y == 0, 0], X_standard[y == 0, 1])
plt.scatter(X_standard[y == 1, 0], X_standard[y == 1, 1])
plt.show()
# 绘制margin
def plot_svc_decision_boundary(model, axis):
    x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(
        np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], int((axis[1] - axis[0]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1),
        np.linspace(axis[2], axis[3], int((axis[3] - axis[2]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1),
    )
    X_new = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]
    y_predict = model.predict(X_new)
    zz = y_predict.reshape(x0.shape)
    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
    custom_cmap = ListedColormap(['#EF9A9A', '#FFF59D', '#90CAF9'])
    plt.contourf(x0, x1, zz, linewidth=5, cmap=custom_cmap)
    w = model.coef_[0]
    b = model.intercept_[0]
    # w0*x0 + w1*x1 + b = 0
    # => x1 = -w0/w1 * x0 - b/w1
    plot_x = np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], 200)
    up_y = -w[0] / w[1] * plot_x - b / w[1] + 1 / w[1]
    down_y = -w[0] / w[1] * plot_x - b / w[1] - 1 / w[1]
    up_index = (up_y >= axis[2]) & (up_y <= axis[3])
    down_index = (down_y >= axis[2]) & (down_y <= axis[3])
    plt.plot(plot_x[up_index], up_y[up_index], color='black')
    plt.plot(plot_x[down_index], down_y[down_index], color='black')
plot_svc_decision_boundary(svc, axis=[-3, 3, -3, 3])
plt.scatter(X_standard[y == 0, 0], X_standard[y == 0, 1])
plt.scatter(X_standard[y == 1, 0], X_standard[y == 1, 1])
plt.show()
svc2 = LinearSVC(C=0.01)
svc2.fit(X_standard, y)
plot_svc_decision_boundary(svc2, axis=[-3, 3, -3, 3])
plt.scatter(X_standard[y==0,0], X_standard[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X_standard[y==1,0], X_standard[y==1,1])
plt.show()

得到的两个margin图
C=e9

C=0.01

3、添加多项式特征

普通的添加多项式特征如之前的文章所述

这里还有个添加方法是通过核函数


有个特殊的核函数是高斯核函数

实现如下

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures, StandardScaler
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline

"""在SVM中添加多项式特征"""
# 数据
X, y = datasets.make_moons()
X, y = datasets.make_moons(noise=0.15, random_state=666)
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show()
# 添加多项式特征的SVM
def PolynomialSVC(degree, C=1.0):
    return Pipeline([
        ("poly", PolynomialFeatures(degree=degree)),
        ("std_scaler", StandardScaler()),
        ("linearSVC", LinearSVC(C=C))
    ])
poly_svc = PolynomialSVC(degree=3)
poly_svc.fit(X, y)
# 决策边界可视化
def plot_decision_boundary(model, axis):
    x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(
        np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], int((axis[1] - axis[0]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1),
        np.linspace(axis[2], axis[3], int((axis[3] - axis[2]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1),
    )
    X_new = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]
    y_predict = model.predict(X_new)
    zz = y_predict.reshape(x0.shape)
    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
    custom_cmap = ListedColormap(['#EF9A9A', '#FFF59D', '#90CAF9'])
    plt.contourf(x0, x1, zz, linewidth=5, cmap=custom_cmap)
plot_decision_boundary(poly_svc, axis=[-1.5, 2.5, -1.0, 1.5])
plt.scatter(X[y == 0, 0], X[y == 0, 1])
plt.scatter(X[y == 1, 0], X[y == 1, 1])
plt.show()

# 使用多项式核函数的SVM
from sklearn.svm import SVC
def PolynomialKernelSVC(degree, C=1.0):
    return Pipeline([
        ("std_scaler", StandardScaler()),
        ("kernelSVC", SVC(kernel="poly", degree=degree, C=C))
    ])
poly_kernel_svc = PolynomialKernelSVC(degree=3)
poly_kernel_svc.fit(X, y)
plot_decision_boundary(poly_kernel_svc, axis=[-1.5, 2.5, -1.0, 1.5])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show()

# 高斯核函数的SVM
def RBFKernelSVC(gamma):
    return Pipeline([
        ("std_scaler", StandardScaler()),
        ("svc", SVC(kernel="rbf", gamma=gamma))
    ])
svc = RBFKernelSVC(gamma=1)
svc.fit(X, y)
plot_decision_boundary(svc, axis=[-1.5, 2.5, -1.0, 1.5])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show()

添加多项式

多项式核函数

高斯核函数

结语

本节学习SVM
可以用来做分类问题
也可以用来做回归问题