重复继承
下面我们再来看看，发生重复继承的情况。所谓重复继承，也就是某个基类被间接地重复继承了多次。
下图是一个继承图，我们重载了父类的f()函数。
其类继承的源代码如下所示。其中，每个类都有两个变量，一个是整形（4字节），一个是字符（1字节），而且还有自己的虚函数，自己 overwrite父类的虚函数。如子类D中，f()覆盖了超类的函数， f1() 和f2() 覆盖了其父类的虚函数，Df()为自己的虚函数。
class B
{
public:
int ib;
char cb;
public:
B():ib(0),cb('B') {}
virtual void f() { cout << "B::f()" << endl;}
virtual void Bf() { cout << "B::Bf()" << endl;}
};
class B1 : public B
{
public:
int ib1;
char cb1;
public:
B1():ib1(11),cb1('1') {}
virtual void f() { cout << "B1::f()" << endl;}
virtual void f1() { cout << "B1::f1()" << endl;}
virtual void Bf1() { cout << "B1::Bf1()" << endl;}
};
class B2: public B
{
public:
int ib2;
char cb2;
public:
B2():ib2(12),cb2('2') {}
virtual void f() { cout << "B2::f()" << endl;}
virtual void f2() { cout << "B2::f2()" << endl;}
virtual void Bf2() { cout << "B2::Bf2()" << endl;}
};
class D : public B1, public B2
{
public:
int id;
char cd;
public:
D():id(100),cd('D') {}
virtual void f() { cout << "D::f()" << endl;}
virtual void f1() { cout << "D::f1()" << endl;}
virtual void f2() { cout << "D::f2()" << endl;}
virtual void Df() { cout << "D::Df()" << endl;}
};
我们用来存取子类内存布局的代码如下所示：（在VC++ 2003和G++ 3.4.4下）
typedef void(*Fun)(void);
int** pVtab = NULL;
Fun pFun = NULL;
D d;
pVtab = (int**)&d;
cout << "[0] D::B1::_vptr->" << endl;
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][0];
cout << " [0] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][1];
cout << " [1] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][2];
cout << " [2] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][3];
cout << " [3] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][4];
cout << " [4] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][5];
cout << " [5] 0x" << pFun << endl;
cout << "[1] B::ib = " << (int)pVtab[1] << endl;
cout << "[2] B::cb = " << (char)pVtab[2] << endl;
cout << "[3] B1::ib1 = " << (int)pVtab[3] << endl;
cout << "[4] B1::cb1 = " << (char)pVtab[4] << endl;
cout << "[5] D::B2::_vptr->" << endl;
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][0];
cout << " [0] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][1];
cout << " [1] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][2];
cout << " [2] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][3];
cout << " [3] "; pFun();
pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][4];
cout << " [4] 0x" << pFun << endl;
cout << "[6] B::ib = " << (int)pVtab[6] << endl;
cout << "[7] B::cb = " << (char)pVtab[7] << endl;
cout << "[8] B2::ib2 = " << (int)pVtab[8] << endl;
cout << "[9] B2::cb2 = " << (char)pVtab[9] << endl;
cout << "[10] D::id = " << (int)pVtab[10] << endl;
cout << "[11] D::cd = " << (char)pVtab[11] << endl;
程序运行结果如下：
|
GCC 3.4.4 |
VC++ 2003 |
|
[0] D::B1::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f1() [3] B1::Bf1() [4] D::f2() [5] 0x1 [1] B::ib = 0 [2] B::cb = B [3] B1::ib1 = 11 [4] B1::cb1 = 1 [5] D::B2::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f2() [3] B2::Bf2() [4] 0x0 [6] B::ib = 0 [7] B::cb = B [8] B2::ib2 = 12 [9] B2::cb2 = 2 [10] D::id = 100 [11] D::cd = D |
[0] D::B1::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f1() [3] B1::Bf1() [4] D::Df() [5] 0x00000000 [1] B::ib = 0 [2] B::cb = B [3] B1::ib1 = 11 [4] B1::cb1 = 1 [5] D::B2::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f2() [3] B2::Bf2() [4] 0x00000000 [6] B::ib = 0 [7] B::cb = B [8] B2::ib2 = 12 [9] B2::cb2 = 2 [10] D::id = 100 [11] D::cd = D |
下面是对于子类实例中的虚函数表的图：
我们可以看见，最顶端的父类B其成员变量存在于B1和B2中，并被D给继承下去了。而在D中，其有B1和B2的实例，于是B的成员在D的实例中存在两份，一份是B1继承而来的，另一份是B2继承而来的。所以，如果我们使用以下语句，则会产生二义性编译错误：
D d;
d.ib = 0; //二义性错误
d.B1::ib = 1; //正确
d.B2::ib = 2; //正确
注意，上面例程中的最后两条语句存取的是两个变量。虽然我们消除了二义性的编译错误，但B类在D中还是有两个实例，这种继承造成了数据的重复，我们叫这种继承为重复继承。重复的基类数据成员可能并不是我们想要的。所以，C++引入了虚基类的概念。