中綴表達式、前綴表達式(波蘭表達式)、後綴表達式(逆波蘭表達式)算法分析與Java實現

在計算器中輸入表達式,然後得出計算結果,是一個比較常見的過程,對於含有括號的運算表達式的運算順序計算機需要自動識別,這裏就涉及到表達式的轉換。我們手寫或者輸入的都是中綴表達式,比如“1+(2-3)*45+41/(2*10)”,“1+(2-3)*45+41/2*10”。當然也可以支持其它函數表達式比如exp()等。

通常要轉化爲波蘭表達式或者逆波蘭表達式,方便計算機進行運算。也就是說第一步是中綴表達式轉爲(逆)波蘭表達式,第二步計算逆波蘭表達式。

以“1+(2-3)*45+41/2*10”爲例進行算法說明。

中綴表達式轉爲前綴表達式對字符串進行逆向掃描,中綴表達式轉爲後綴表達式對字符串進行順向掃描。

“1+(2-3)*45+41/(2*10)”

前綴:+ + 1 * - 2 3 45 / 41 * 2 10 

後綴:1 2 3 - 45 * + 41 2 10 * / + 

“1+(2-3)*45+41/2*10”

前綴:+ + 1 * - 2 3 45 / 41 * 2 10 

後綴:+ + 1 * - 2 3 45 * / 41 2 10 

中綴表達式轉爲前綴表達式

算法步驟:

初始化兩個棧:運算符棧operators和操作數棧operands;
(2) 從右至左掃描中綴表達式;
(3) 遇到操作數時,將其壓入operands;
(4) 遇到運算符時,比較其與operators棧頂運算符的優先級:
    (4-1) 如果operators爲空,或棧頂運算符爲右括號“)”,則直接將此運算符入棧;
    (4-2) 否則,若優先級比棧頂運算符的較高或相等,也將運算符壓入operators;
    (4-3)否則,將operators棧頂的運算符彈出並壓入到operands中,再次轉到(4-1)與operators中新的棧頂運算符相比較;
(5) 遇到括號時:
      (5-1) 如果是右括號“)”,則直接壓入operators;
      (5-2) 如果是左括號“(”,則依次彈出operators棧頂的運算符,並壓入operands,直到遇到右括號爲止,此時將這一對括號丟棄;
(6) 重複步驟(2)至(5),直到表達式的最左邊;
(7) 將operators中剩餘的運算符依次彈出並壓入operands;
(8) 依次彈出operands中的元素並輸出,結果即爲中綴表達式對應的前綴表達式。

具體過程如下:

中綴表達式轉爲後綴表達式

算法步驟:

與轉換爲前綴表達式相似,遵循以下步驟:
(1) 初始化兩個棧:操作符棧operators和操作數棧operands;
(2) 從左至右掃描中綴表達式;
(3) 遇到操作數時,將其壓入operands;
(4) 遇到運算符時,比較其與operators棧頂運算符的優先級:
     (4-1) 如果operators爲空,或棧頂運算符爲左括號“(”,則直接將此運算符入棧;
     (4-2) 否則,若優先級比棧頂運算符的高,也將運算符壓入operators(注意轉換爲前綴表達式時是優先級較高或相同,而這裏則不包括相同的情況);
     (4-3) 否則,將operators棧頂的運算符彈出並壓入到operands中,再次轉到(4-1)與S1中新的棧頂運算符相比較;
(5) 遇到括號時:
     (5-1) 如果是左括號“(”,則直接壓入operators;
     (5-2) 如果是右括號“)”,則依次彈出operators棧頂的運算符,並壓入operands,直到遇到左括號爲止,此時將這一對括號丟棄;
(6) 重複步驟(2)至(5),直到表達式的最右邊;
(7) 將S1中剩餘的運算符依次彈出並壓入operands;

具體步驟如下:

Java實現

具體實現採用的雙端隊列替代棧,因爲涉及到逆序問題使用起來更加方便。目前只支持整型數計算

import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Stack;

public class Parser {

    public static HashMap<String, Integer> priority;

    public Parser()
    {
        priority = new HashMap<>(); //存儲運算符優先級,越大優先級越高
        priority.put("+", 2);
        priority.put("-", 2);
        priority.put("*", 3);
        priority.put("/", 3);
    }

    public static String[] postfixExpression(String s) {

        Deque<String> operands = new LinkedList<>();
        Deque<String> operators = new LinkedList<>();

        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
            //遇到數字字符,嘗試往後讀取整個數字
            if (s.charAt(i) >= '0' && s.charAt(i) <= '9') {
                int j = i, num = s.charAt(i) - '0';
                while (j + 1 < s.length() && s.charAt(j + 1) >= '0' && s.charAt(j + 1) <= '9') {
                    j++;
                    num = num * 10 + s.charAt(j) - '0';
                }
                operands.add(String.valueOf(num));
                i = j;
            } else if (priority.containsKey(String.valueOf(s.charAt(i)))) {  //遇到運算符
                String op = String.valueOf(s.charAt(i));

                //當前運算符優先級比運算符棧棧頂優先級高或者相等  或者棧頂爲括號
                if (operators.isEmpty() || operators.peekLast().equals("(") || priority.get(op) > priority.get(operators.peekLast()))
                    operators.add(op);
                else {
                    while (!operators.isEmpty() && priority.get(operators.peekLast()) >= priority.get(op)) {
                        operands.add(operators.pollLast());
                    }
                    operators.add(op);
                }
            } else if (s.charAt(i) == '(')
                operators.add("(");
            else if (s.charAt(i) == ')') {
                while (!operators.isEmpty() && !operators.peekLast().equals("("))
                    operands.add(operators.pollLast());
                if (!operators.isEmpty())
                    operators.pollLast();
            }
        }


        while (!operators.isEmpty()) {
            operands.add(operators.pollLast());
        }
        String[] ans = new String[operands.size()];
        int i = 0;
        while (!operands.isEmpty())
            ans[i++] = operands.pollFirst();
        return ans;
    }


    public static String[] prefixExpression(String s) {

        Deque<String> operands = new LinkedList<>();
        Deque<String> operators = new LinkedList<>();
        for (int i = s.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            //遇到數字字符,嘗試往後讀取整個數字
            if (s.charAt(i) >= '0' && s.charAt(i) <= '9') {
                int j = i, num = s.charAt(i) - '0', count = 10;
                while (j - 1 >= 0 && s.charAt(j - 1) >= '0' && s.charAt(j - 1) <= '9') {
                    j--;
                    num = num + count * (s.charAt(j) - '0');
                    count *= 10;
                }
                operands.add(String.valueOf(num));
                i = j;
            } else if (priority.containsKey(String.valueOf(s.charAt(i)))) {  //遇到運算符
                String op = String.valueOf(s.charAt(i));

                //當前運算符優先級比運算符棧棧頂優先級高或者相等  或者棧頂爲括號
                if (operators.isEmpty() || operators.peekLast().equals(")") || priority.get(op) >= priority.get(operators.peekLast()))
                    operators.add(op);
                else {
                    while (!operators.isEmpty() && priority.get(operators.peekLast()) > priority.get(op)) {
                        operands.add(operators.pollLast());
                    }
                    operators.add(op);
                }
            } else if (s.charAt(i) == '(') {
                while (!operators.isEmpty() && !operators.peekLast().equals(")"))
                    operands.add(operators.pollLast());
                operators.pollLast();
            } else if (s.charAt(i) == ')')
                operators.add(")");
        }

        while (!operators.isEmpty()) {
            operands.add(operators.pollLast());
        }

        String[] ans = new String[operands.size()];
        int i = 0;
        while (!operands.isEmpty())
            ans[i++] = operands.pollLast();
        return ans;
    }

    


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Parser p = new Parser();
        String s1 = "1+(2-3)*45+41/(2*10)"; //   1 2 3 - 45 * +41 2 / +
        String s2="1+(2-3)*45+41/2*10";
        String[] ans = p.prefixExpression(s1);
        System.out.println(calculateByPrefix(ans));
    }
}

 

得到前綴或者後綴表達式之後計算比較方便,藉助一個棧即可,代碼如下:

//根據後綴表達式計算值
    public static int calculateByPostfix(String[] tokens) {
        Stack<String> stack = new Stack();
        for (String s : tokens) {
            if (s.length() == 1) {
                char ch = s.charAt(0);
                switch (ch) {
                    case '+': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(a + b));
                        break;
                    }
                    case '-': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(b - a));
                        break;
                    }
                    case '*': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(a * b));
                        break;
                    }
                    case '/': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(b / a));
                        break;
                    }
                    default:
                        stack.push(s);
                }
            } else
                stack.push(s);
        }
        return Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());

    }

    //根據前綴表達式計算值
    public static int calculateByPrefix(String[] tokens) {

        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<>();
        for (int i = tokens.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            String s = tokens[i];
            if (s.length() == 1) {
                char ch = s.charAt(0);
                switch (ch) {
                    case '+': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(a + b));
                        break;
                    }
                    case '-': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(a - b));
                        break;
                    }
                    case '*': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(a * b));
                        break;
                    }
                    case '/': {
                        int a = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        int b = Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                        stack.push(String.valueOf(a / b));
                        break;
                    }
                    default:
                        stack.push(s);
                }
            } else
                stack.push(s);
        }
        return Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
    }

測試代碼:

public static void main(String[] args) {
        Parser p = new Parser();
        String s1 = "1+(2-3)*45+41/(2*10)"; //   1 2 3 - 45 * +41 2 / +
        String s2 = "1+(2-3)*45+41/2*10";
        String[] ansPre1 = p.prefixExpression(s1);
        String[] ansPost1=p.postfixExpression(s1);
        String[] ansPre2 = p.prefixExpression(s2);
        String[] ansPost2=p.postfixExpression(s2);
        println(ansPre1);
        println(ansPost1);
        println(ansPre1);
        println(ansPre2);
        System.out.println(calculateByPrefix(ansPre1));
        System.out.println(calculateByPostfix(ansPost1));
        System.out.println(calculateByPrefix(ansPre2));
        System.out.println(calculateByPostfix(ansPost2));
    }

結果:

+ + 1 * - 2 3 45 / 41 * 2 10 
1 2 3 - 45 * + 41 2 10 * / + 
+ + 1 * - 2 3 45 / 41 * 2 10 
+ + 1 * - 2 3 45 * / 41 2 10 
-42
-42
156
156

算法題鏈接

上述算法主要是對字符串的一些處理技巧和經驗。基本使用for循環代替while,另外涉及到字符串前後關係的處理一般會使用棧這個數據結構。

LeetCode--224. Basic Calculator

class Solution {
    
    
    public int calculate(String s) {
    
        Stack<Integer> stack=new Stack<>();
        int  sign=1,res=0;int num=0;
        for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++)
        {
            char c=s.charAt(i);
            switch(c)
            {
                case '+':
                    res += sign * num;
                    num=0;
                    sign=1;
                    break;
                case '-':
                    res += sign * num;
                    num=0;
                    sign=-1;
                    break;
                case ' ':
                    break;
                case '(':
                    stack.push(res);
                    stack.push(sign);
                    res=0;
                    sign=1;
                    break;
                case ')':
                    res+=sign*num;
                    num = 0;
                    res *= stack.pop();    //stack.pop() is the sign before the parenthesis
                    res += stack.pop(); 
                    break;
                default:
                    num = 10 * num + (c - '0');
            }
        }
        if(num != 0) 
            res += sign * num;
        return res;
    }
}

LeetCode--227. Basic Calculator II

class Solution {
    public int calculate(String s) {
        int num=0;
        char sign='+';
        Stack<Integer> stack=new Stack<>();
        for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++){
            
            char c=s.charAt(i);
            if(Character.isDigit(c))
                num=num*10+c-'0';
            if((!Character.isDigit(c) && c!=' ') || i==s.length()-1){
                    if(sign=='+')
                        stack.push(num);
                    if(sign=='-')
                        stack.push(-num);
                    if(sign=='*')
                        stack.push(stack.pop()*num);
                    if(sign=='/')
                        stack.push(stack.pop()/num);
                    num=0;
                    sign=c;
            }
        }
        int sum=0;
        while(!stack.isEmpty())
            sum+=stack.pop();
        return sum;
    }
}

LeetCode--282. Expression Add Operators

class Solution {
    
    public static List<String> ret;
    public List<String> addOperators(String num, int target) {
        
        ret=new LinkedList<>();
        backtrace(num,new StringBuilder(),target,0,0,0);
        return ret;
    }
    
    
    public static void backtrace(String num,StringBuilder sb,int target,int start,long pre,long sum){
        
        if(start==num.length())
        {
            if(sum==target)
                ret.add(sb.toString());
            return;
        }
        
        for(int i=start;i<num.length();i++){
            
            if(num.charAt(start)=='0' && i>start)
                break;
            long val=Long.valueOf(num.substring(start,i+1));
            int len=sb.length();
            if(start==0){
                backtrace(num,sb.append(val),target,i+1,val,sum+val);
                sb.setLength(len);
            }else{
                backtrace(num,sb.append('+').append(val),target,i+1,val,sum+val);
                sb.setLength(len);
                backtrace(num,sb.append('-').append(val),target,i+1,-val,sum-val);
                sb.setLength(len);
                backtrace(num,sb.append('*').append(val),target,i+1,pre*val,sum-pre+pre*val);
                sb.setLength(len);
            }
        }
    }
}

LeetCode--150. Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation

class Solution {
    public int evalRPN(String[] tokens) {
        
        Stack<String> stack=new Stack();
        for(String s:tokens)
        {
            if(s.length()==1)
            {
                char ch=s.charAt(0);
                switch(ch)
                {
                    case '+':
                        {
                            int a=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            int b=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            stack.push(String.valueOf(a+b));
                            break;
                        }
                    case '-':
                        {
                            int a=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            int b=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            stack.push(String.valueOf(b-a));
                            break;
                        }
                    case '*':
                        {
                            int a=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            int b=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            stack.push(String.valueOf(a*b));
                            break;
                        }
                    case '/':
                        {
                            int a=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            int b=Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
                            stack.push(String.valueOf(b/a));
                            break;
                        }
                    default:
                        stack.push(s);
                }
            }
            else
                stack.push(s);
        }
        return Integer.valueOf(stack.pop());
    }
}

LeetCode--394. Decode String

class Solution {
    
    public String decodeString(String s) {
        
        int i=0;
        Stack<Character> stack=new Stack<>();
        while(i<s.length())
        {
            if(s.charAt(i)!=']')
            {
                stack.push(s.charAt(i));
            }
            else
            {
                StringBuilder tsb=new StringBuilder();
                while(!stack.isEmpty() && stack.peek()!='[')
                    tsb.append(stack.pop());
                stack.pop();
                int frequency=0,pos=1;
                while(!stack.isEmpty() && stack.peek()>='0' && stack.peek()<='9')
                {
                    frequency=pos*(stack.pop()-'0')+frequency;
                    pos*=10;
                }
                for(int j=0;j<frequency;j++)
                {
                    for(int k=tsb.length()-1;k>=0;k--)
                        stack.push(tsb.charAt(k));
                }    
            }
            i++;
        }
        char[] ret=new char[stack.size()];
        for(int m=stack.size()-1;m>=0;m--)
            ret[m]=stack.pop();
        return new String(ret);
    }
}

參考:

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E6%B3%95

https://blog.csdn.net/Antineutrino/article/details/6763722

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