文|Seraph
01 | 新手入门
一、介绍
- 平面拟合代码
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
# 使用 NumPy 生成假数据(phony data), 总共 100 个点.
x_data = np.float32(np.random.rand(2, 100)) # 随机输入
y_data = np.dot([0.100, 0.200], x_data) + 0.300
# 构造一个线性模型
#
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1]))
W = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([1, 2], -1.0, 1.0))
y = tf.matmul(W, x_data) + b
# 最小化方差
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(y - y_data))
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5)
train = optimizer.minimize(loss)
# 初始化变量
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
# 启动图 (graph)
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
# 拟合平面
for step in xrange(0, 201):
sess.run(train)
if step % 20 == 0:
print step, sess.run(W), sess.run(b)
# 得到最佳拟合结果 W: [[0.100 0.200]], b: [0.300]
二、安装方式（源码安装，后续再看）
-
tensorflow分CPU与GPU版本。
-
安装方式有：Pip、Docker、virtualenv、
Mac OS X：homebrew -
如要支持GPU，需要正确安装CUDA，安装CUDA记得设置环境变量
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda/lib64"
export CUDA_HOME=/usr/local/cuda
- 源码安装
git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow克隆源码- 安装Bazel
三、基本用法
- 使用tensorflow必须明白的点：
- 使用图 (graph) 来表示计算任务.
- 在被称之为 会话 (Session) 的上下文 (context) 中执行图.
- 使用 tensor 表示数据.
- 通过 变量 (Variable) 维护状态.
- 使用 feed 和 fetch 可以为任意的操作(arbitrary operation) 赋值或者从其中获取数据.
- 将一小组图像集表示为一个四维浮点数数组, 这四个维度分别是 [batch, height, width, channels]。
- 一个 TensorFlow 图描述了计算的过程. 为了进行计算, 图必须在 会话 里被启动. 会话 将图的 op 分发到诸如 CPU 或 GPU 之类的 设备 上, 同时提供执行 op 的方法.
- 如果检测到 GPU, TensorFlow 会尽可能地利用找到的第一个 GPU 来执行操作.
如果机器上有超过一个可用的 GPU, 除第一个外的其它 GPU 默认是不参与计算的. 为了让 TensorFlow 使用这些 GPU, 你必须将 op 明确指派给它们执行.（需要注意的是GPU需要CUDA工具的支持，否则tensorflow检测不到GPU，依然会默认使用CPU进行计算） - 为了便于使用诸如 IPython 之类的 Python 交互环境, 可以使用 InteractiveSession 代替 Session 类，使用Tensor.eval()和Operation.run()代替Session.run()。
- Rank表示阶，Shape表示形状，Type表示类型。
- 用列表的形式可以取出多个结果：
result = sess.run([mul, intermed])。 - Feed机制：提供 feed 数据作为 run() 调用的参数. feed 只在调用它的方法内有效, 方法结束, feed 就会消失。
02 | 完整教程
一、MNIST入门
- 把这个数组展开成一个向量，长度是 28x28 = 784，展平图片的数字数组会丢失图片的二维结构信息。这显然是不理想的，最优秀的计算机视觉方法会挖掘并利用这些结构信息。
- mnist.train.images 是一个形状为 [60000, 784] 的张量
- mnist.train.labels 是一个 [60000, 10]
- 为了用python实现高效的数值计算，我们通常会使用函数库，比如NumPy，会把类似矩阵乘法这样的复杂运算使用其他外部语言实现。不幸的是，从外部计算切换回Python的每一个操作，仍然是一个很大的开销。如果你用GPU来进行外部计算，这样的开销会更大。用分布式的计算方式，也会花费更多的资源用来传输数据。
TensorFlow也把复杂的计算放在python之外完成，但是为了避免前面说的那些开销，它做了进一步完善。Tensorflow不单独地运行单一的复杂计算，而是让我们可以先用图描述一系列可交互的计算操作，然后全部一起在Python之外运行。 - 使用一小部分的随机数据来进行训练被称为随机训练（stochastic training）- 在这里更确切的说是随机梯度下降训练。在理想情况下，我们希望用我们所有的数据来进行每一步的训练，因为这能给我们更好的训练结果，但显然这需要很大的计算开销。所以，每一次训练我们可以使用不同的数据子集，这样做既可以减少计算开销，又可以最大化地学习到数据集的总体特性。
import tensorflow as tf
old_v = tf.logging.get_verbosity()
tf.logging.set_verbosity(tf.logging.ERROR)
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data/", one_hot=True)
tf.logging.set_verbosity(old_v)
x = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 784])
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784,10]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))
y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(x,W) + b)
y_ = tf.placeholder("float", [None,10])
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_*tf.log(y))
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01).minimize(cross_entropy)
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
for i in range(1000):
batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100)
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_:batch_ys})
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y,1), tf.argmax(y_,1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))
print(sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: mnist.test.images, y_: mnist.test.labels}))
二、MNIST进阶
使用卷积神经网络构建模型：
import tensorflow as tf
old_v = tf.logging.get_verbosity()
tf.logging.set_verbosity(tf.logging.ERROR)
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
sess = tf.InteractiveSession()
def weight_variable(shape): #权重在初始化时应该加入少量的噪声来打破对称性以及避免0梯度。
initial = tf.truncated_normal(shape, stddev=0.1)
return tf.Variable(initial)
def bias_variable(shape):
initial = tf.constant(0.1, shape=shape)
return tf.Variable(initial)
def conv2d(x, W):
return tf.nn.conv2d(x, W, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
def max_pool_2x2(x):
return tf.nn.max_pool(x, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1],
strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding='SAME')
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data/", one_hot=True)
tf.logging.set_verbosity(old_v)
x = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 784])
y_ = tf.placeholder("float", shape=[None, 10])
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784,10]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))
W_conv1 = weight_variable([5, 5, 1, 32])
b_conv1 = bias_variable([32])
x_image = tf.reshape(x, [-1,28,28,1])
h_conv1 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(x_image, W_conv1) + b_conv1)
h_pool1 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv1)
W_conv2 = weight_variable([5, 5, 32, 64])
b_conv2 = bias_variable([64])
h_conv2 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(h_pool1, W_conv2) + b_conv2)
h_pool2 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv2)
W_fc1 = weight_variable([7 * 7 * 64, 1024])
b_fc1 = bias_variable([1024])
h_pool2_flat = tf.reshape(h_pool2, [-1, 7*7*64])
h_fc1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(h_pool2_flat, W_fc1) + b_fc1)
keep_prob = tf.placeholder("float")
h_fc1_drop = tf.nn.dropout(h_fc1, keep_prob)#为了减少过拟合，我们在输出层之前加入dropout。
W_fc2 = weight_variable([1024, 10])
b_fc2 = bias_variable([10])
y_conv=tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(h_fc1_drop, W_fc2) + b_fc2)
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_*tf.log(y_conv))
train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(1e-4).minimize(cross_entropy)
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y_conv,1), tf.argmax(y_,1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))
sess.run(tf.initialize_all_variables())
for i in range(20000):
batch = mnist.train.next_batch(50)
if i%100 == 0:
train_accuracy = accuracy.eval(feed_dict={
x:batch[0], y_: batch[1], keep_prob: 1.0})
print("step %d, training accuracy %g"%(i, train_accuracy))
train_step.run(feed_dict={x: batch[0], y_: batch[1], keep_prob: 0.5})#在feed_dict中加入额外的参数keep_prob来控制dropout比例。
print("test accuracy %g"%accuracy.eval(feed_dict={
x: mnist.test.images, y_: mnist.test.labels, keep_prob: 1.0}))
三、Tensorflow运行方式
mnist.py
"""Builds the MNIST network.
Implements the inference/loss/training pattern for model building.
1. inference() - Builds the model as far as required for running the network
forward to make predictions.
2. loss() - Adds to the inference model the layers required to generate loss.
3. training() - Adds to the loss model the Ops required to generate and
apply gradients.
This file is used by the various "fully_connected_*.py" files and not meant to
be run.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import math
import tensorflow as tf
# The MNIST dataset has 10 classes, representing the digits 0 through 9.
NUM_CLASSES = 10
# The MNIST images are always 28x28 pixels.
IMAGE_SIZE = 28
IMAGE_PIXELS = IMAGE_SIZE * IMAGE_SIZE
def inference(images, hidden1_units, hidden2_units):
"""Build the MNIST model up to where it may be used for inference.
Args:
images: Images placeholder, from inputs().
hidden1_units: Size of the first hidden layer.
hidden2_units: Size of the second hidden layer.
Returns:
softmax_linear: Output tensor with the computed logits.
"""
# Hidden 1
with tf.compat.v1.name_scope('hidden1'):
weights = tf.Variable(
tf.random.truncated_normal(
[IMAGE_PIXELS, hidden1_units],
stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(float(IMAGE_PIXELS))), name='weights')
biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([hidden1_units]),
name='biases')
hidden1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(images, weights) + biases)
# Hidden 2
with tf.compat.v1.name_scope('hidden2'):
weights = tf.Variable(
tf.random.truncated_normal(
[hidden1_units, hidden2_units],
stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(float(hidden1_units))), name='weights')
biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([hidden2_units]),
name='biases')
hidden2 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(hidden1, weights) + biases)
# Linear
with tf.compat.v1.name_scope('softmax_linear'):
weights = tf.Variable(
tf.random.truncated_normal(
[hidden2_units, NUM_CLASSES],
stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(float(hidden2_units))), name='weights')
biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([NUM_CLASSES]),
name='biases')
logits = tf.matmul(hidden2, weights) + biases
return logits
def loss(logits, labels):
"""Calculates the loss from the logits and the labels.
Args:
logits: Logits tensor, float - [batch_size, NUM_CLASSES].
labels: Labels tensor, int32 - [batch_size].
Returns:
loss: Loss tensor of type float.
"""
labels = tf.cast(labels, dtype=tf.int64)
return tf.compat.v1.losses.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy(
labels=labels, logits=logits)
def training(loss, learning_rate):
"""Sets up the training Ops.
Creates a summarizer to track the loss over time in TensorBoard.
Creates an optimizer and applies the gradients to all trainable variables.
The Op returned by this function is what must be passed to the
`sess.run()` call to cause the model to train.
Args:
loss: Loss tensor, from loss().
learning_rate: The learning rate to use for gradient descent.
Returns:
train_op: The Op for training.
"""
# Add a scalar summary for the snapshot loss.
tf.compat.v1.summary.scalar('loss', loss)
# Create the gradient descent optimizer with the given learning rate.
optimizer = tf.compat.v1.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate)
# Create a variable to track the global step.
global_step = tf.Variable(0, name='global_step', trainable=False)
# Use the optimizer to apply the gradients that minimize the loss
# (and also increment the global step counter) as a single training step.
train_op = optimizer.minimize(loss, global_step=global_step)
return train_op
def evaluation(logits, labels):
"""Evaluate the quality of the logits at predicting the label.
Args:
logits: Logits tensor, float - [batch_size, NUM_CLASSES].
labels: Labels tensor, int32 - [batch_size], with values in the
range [0, NUM_CLASSES).
Returns:
A scalar int32 tensor with the number of examples (out of batch_size)
that were predicted correctly.
"""
# For a classifier model, we can use the in_top_k Op.
# It returns a bool tensor with shape [batch_size] that is true for
# the examples where the label is in the top k (here k=1)
# of all logits for that example.
correct = tf.nn.in_top_k(predictions=logits, targets=labels, k=1)
# Return the number of true entries.
return tf.reduce_sum(input_tensor=tf.cast(correct, tf.int32))
fully_connected_feed.py
#copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Trains and Evaluates the MNIST network using a feed dictionary."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
# pylint: disable=missing-docstring
import argparse
import os
import sys
import time
from six.moves import xrange # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf
ld_v = tf.logging.get_verbosity()
tf.logging.set_verbosity(tf.logging.ERROR)
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import mnist
# Basic model parameters as external flags.
FLAGS = None
def placeholder_inputs(batch_size):
"""Generate placeholder variables to represent the input tensors.
These placeholders are used as inputs by the rest of the model building
code and will be fed from the downloaded data in the .run() loop, below.
Args:
batch_size: The batch size will be baked into both placeholders.
Returns:
images_placeholder: Images placeholder.
labels_placeholder: Labels placeholder.
"""
# Note that the shapes of the placeholders match the shapes of the full
# image and label tensors, except the first dimension is now batch_size
# rather than the full size of the train or test data sets.
images_placeholder = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(
tf.float32, shape=(batch_size, mnist.IMAGE_PIXELS))
labels_placeholder = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=(batch_size))
return images_placeholder, labels_placeholder
def fill_feed_dict(data_set, images_pl, labels_pl):
"""Fills the feed_dict for training the given step.
A feed_dict takes the form of:
feed_dict = {
<placeholder>: <tensor of values to be passed for placeholder>,
....
}
Args:
data_set: The set of images and labels, from input_data.read_data_sets()
images_pl: The images placeholder, from placeholder_inputs().
labels_pl: The labels placeholder, from placeholder_inputs().
Returns:
feed_dict: The feed dictionary mapping from placeholders to values.
"""
# Create the feed_dict for the placeholders filled with the next
# `batch size` examples.
images_feed, labels_feed = data_set.next_batch(FLAGS.batch_size,
FLAGS.fake_data)
feed_dict = {
images_pl: images_feed,
labels_pl: labels_feed,
}
return feed_dict
def do_eval(sess,
eval_correct,
images_placeholder,
labels_placeholder,
data_set):
"""Runs one evaluation against the full epoch of data.
Args:
sess: The session in which the model has been trained.
eval_correct: The Tensor that returns the number of correct predictions.
images_placeholder: The images placeholder.
labels_placeholder: The labels placeholder.
data_set: The set of images and labels to evaluate, from
input_data.read_data_sets().
"""
# And run one epoch of eval.
true_count = 0 # Counts the number of correct predictions.
steps_per_epoch = data_set.num_examples // FLAGS.batch_size
num_examples = steps_per_epoch * FLAGS.batch_size
for step in xrange(steps_per_epoch):
feed_dict = fill_feed_dict(data_set,
images_placeholder,
labels_placeholder)
true_count += sess.run(eval_correct, feed_dict=feed_dict)
precision = float(true_count) / num_examples
print('Num examples: %d Num correct: %d Precision @ 1: %0.04f' %
(num_examples, true_count, precision))
def run_training():
"""Train MNIST for a number of steps."""
# Get the sets of images and labels for training, validation, and
# test on MNIST.
data_sets = input_data.read_data_sets(FLAGS.input_data_dir, FLAGS.fake_data)
# Tell TensorFlow that the model will be built into the default Graph.
with tf.Graph().as_default():
# Generate placeholders for the images and labels.
images_placeholder, labels_placeholder = placeholder_inputs(
FLAGS.batch_size)
# Build a Graph that computes predictions from the inference model.
logits = mnist.inference(images_placeholder,
FLAGS.hidden1,
FLAGS.hidden2)
# Add to the Graph the Ops for loss calculation.
loss = mnist.loss(logits, labels_placeholder)
# Add to the Graph the Ops that calculate and apply gradients.
train_op = mnist.training(loss, FLAGS.learning_rate)
# Add the Op to compare the logits to the labels during evaluation.
eval_correct = mnist.evaluation(logits, labels_placeholder)
# Build the summary Tensor based on the TF collection of Summaries.
summary = tf.compat.v1.summary.merge_all()
# Add the variable initializer Op.
init = tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer()
# Create a saver for writing training checkpoints.
saver = tf.compat.v1.train.Saver()
# Create a session for running Ops on the Graph.
sess = tf.compat.v1.Session()
# Instantiate a SummaryWriter to output summaries and the Graph.
summary_writer = tf.compat.v1.summary.FileWriter(FLAGS.log_dir, sess.graph)
# And then after everything is built:
# Run the Op to initialize the variables.
sess.run(init)
# Start the training loop.
for step in xrange(FLAGS.max_steps):
start_time = time.time()
# Fill a feed dictionary with the actual set of images and labels
# for this particular training step.
feed_dict = fill_feed_dict(data_sets.train,
images_placeholder,
labels_placeholder)
# Run one step of the model. The return values are the activations
# from the `train_op` (which is discarded) and the `loss` Op. To
# inspect the values of your Ops or variables, you may include them
# in the list passed to sess.run() and the value tensors will be
# returned in the tuple from the call.
_, loss_value = sess.run([train_op, loss],
feed_dict=feed_dict)
duration = time.time() - start_time
# Write the summaries and print an overview fairly often.
if step % 100 == 0:
# Print status to stdout.
print('Step %d: loss = %.2f (%.3f sec)' % (step, loss_value, duration))
# Update the events file.
summary_str = sess.run(summary, feed_dict=feed_dict)
summary_writer.add_summary(summary_str, step)
summary_writer.flush()
# Save a checkpoint and evaluate the model periodically.
if (step + 1) % 1000 == 0 or (step + 1) == FLAGS.max_steps:
checkpoint_file = os.path.join(FLAGS.log_dir, 'model.ckpt')
saver.save(sess, checkpoint_file, global_step=step)
# Evaluate against the training set.
print('Training Data Eval:')
do_eval(sess,
eval_correct,
images_placeholder,
labels_placeholder,
data_sets.train)
# Evaluate against the validation set.
print('Validation Data Eval:')
do_eval(sess,
eval_correct,
images_placeholder,
labels_placeholder,
data_sets.validation)
# Evaluate against the test set.
print('Test Data Eval:')
do_eval(sess,
eval_correct,
images_placeholder,
labels_placeholder,
data_sets.test)
def main(_):
if tf.io.gfile.exists(FLAGS.log_dir):
tf.io.gfile.rmtree(FLAGS.log_dir)
tf.io.gfile.makedirs(FLAGS.log_dir)
run_training()
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument(
'--learning_rate',
type=float,
default=0.01,
help='Initial learning rate.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--max_steps',
type=int,
default=2000,
help='Number of steps to run trainer.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--hidden1',
type=int,
default=128,
help='Number of units in hidden layer 1.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--hidden2',
type=int,
default=32,
help='Number of units in hidden layer 2.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--batch_size',
type=int,
default=100,
help='Batch size. Must divide evenly into the dataset sizes.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--input_data_dir',
type=str,
default=os.path.join(os.getenv('TEST_TMPDIR', '/tmp'),
'tensorflow/mnist/input_data'),
help='Directory to put the input data.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--log_dir',
type=str,
default=os.path.join(os.getenv('TEST_TMPDIR', '/tmp'),
'tensorflow/mnist/logs/fully_connected_feed'),
help='Directory to put the log data.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--fake_data',
default=False,
help='If true, uses fake data for unit testing.',
action='store_true'
)
FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
tf.compat.v1.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)