從數據中臺到AI中臺，企業到底要建什麼中臺？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在經歷過“神話”和“夢碎”等種種風波中，中臺已經走到了要驗證其價值的關鍵路口了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中臺的“神話”，來自於2015年阿里那本《企業IT架構轉型之道》的書。書中開篇就列舉了芬蘭的遊戲公司Supercell的成功案例。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/0f/0f418f1efdd07c117caabba37213722a.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Supercell不是按照遊戲項目劃分來組建不同開發運營團隊，而是所有的遊戲團隊共用一個開發平臺，將遊戲開發過程中那些公共和通用的遊戲素材和算法整合起來，爲每個小團隊提供遊戲工具和框架。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這樣Supercell的一個幾人小組就可以在幾周內開發出一款新遊戲，因此可以大量試錯。由於分散作戰，又集約高效，這家當時只有不到200名員工的遊戲公司，可以創造年稅前利潤15億美元的驕人業績。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這一能讓Supercell如此成功的關鍵創新，就被稱爲“中臺”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中臺之所以在中國流行，自然要歸功於阿里在“中臺戰略”上的成功。據稱正是馬雲在考察Supercell之後大受啓發，回國後開始堅定地推動“大中臺，小前臺”的組織和業務架構變革。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到2018年下半年開始，騰訊、百度、京東、字節跳動、美團、滴滴等互聯網巨頭，接連開啓以中臺爲核心的組織變革。“中臺”概念正式出圈爆火。對於衆多探尋企業數字化轉型升級的傳統企業們對待“中臺”概念，就如當年對待“互聯網+”一樣，興趣濃厚。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當時，幾乎所有互聯網企業談及企業組織戰略時都言必稱“中臺”，由阿里開始從“業務中臺”中分化出“數據中臺”，各類“中臺”概念便層出不窮，技術中臺、移動中臺、安全中臺、AI中臺、採購中臺、財務中臺、客服中臺、供應商中臺、物流中臺等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/f3/f33fabc12282f3e7ccee838e78bd68c6.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一個原本帶有“集約化”本意的名詞似乎走向了自己的反面，碎片化中臺大行其道。而在這一波波概念熱炒和跟風下，一批專門致力於中臺建設的技術服務商出現，開始幫助這些急於跟上時代的傳統企業開始建設“中臺”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過，經過一年的喧囂，在衆多傳統大企業的中臺項目折戟沉沙之後，越來越多的企業和技術人員開始質疑“中臺”的價值和可行性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到底什麼是中臺？所有參與其中的人都能說的頭頭是道，但是一旦做起來，就完全不是那麼回事。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"結合對於“中臺”概念所涉及的技術本質以及這幾年的具體實踐，我們試圖去了解下企業建設“中臺”的真正邏輯和價值。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"企業們的真假“中臺”危機"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中臺，這個概念一經提出，就給人一種“不明覺厲”的感覺。對於熱衷於創新變革、快速迭代的互聯網行業來說，好像大家一旦說出這個名詞，所有人都好像秒懂了一般。但其實“中臺”到底是什麼，很少有人能夠給出明確的定義。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"無論是專家還是普通人，對於“前臺”、“後臺”都有一個比較明確的概念。對於普通人而言，前臺就是演戲時那個觀衆能看見的舞臺，後臺就是觀衆想看又進不去的那個地方。對於互聯網企業來說，前臺就是跟用戶打交道的應用和服務，後臺就是支持這些應用服務的技術、算法、數據、流程和基礎設施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/aa/aa659eaa07ad1529f1df56c3fa01066c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼中臺到底是個什麼臺？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在遊戲公司Supercell的案例中，我們看到，它的所謂“中臺”，就是一套可以通用的遊戲框架、算法、素材，可以形成一系列標準化的遊戲模塊，剩下的就是遊戲團隊通過這些模塊進行天馬行空的發散想象。比如一套卡片遊戲，既能設計成中古世紀的，也能設計成外星人的，背後的玩法結構、數值系統可能是相同的，不同之處可能就是故事背景、人物屬性而已。這正是Supercell的遊戲“中臺”的真諦。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"追本溯源，我們就可以看出“中臺”的一些基本屬性。首先，它是一個企業內部可以複用的技術平臺和共用的組織平臺；其次，它輸出的產品一定是“標準化”、“可複用的”；第三，建立中臺的目的是能夠解決企業組織臃腫，提升組織運行效率，最終實現降本增效的目標。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而大多數企業都會隨着規模壯大和業務的發展，使得業務線系統越來越多，組織架構越來越複雜，不可避免地產生多個前臺和多個後臺。最終造成的結果就是業務線之間成爲一個個獨立的煙囪，業務不拉通，數據不同享，山頭林立，人力資源重疊浪費，嚴重製約了企業的發展。對於企業組織架構和業務發展的這些問題，無論是互聯網公司還是那些老牌企業，都肯定有切身的體悟。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/0d/0d82106f496990cbb55e2e1008645606.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"理解企業的這些問題，就可以知道爲什麼很多傳統企業決策者對“中臺”概念只有一點似是而非理解的時候，就會莫名激動地想要給自己企業整一套中臺架構了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，大多數企業都低估了建設中臺的難度。大多數企業只能看到阿里、騰訊等互聯網巨頭在建設中臺後的巨大成功（當然他們的成功肯定不止是因爲組織架構變革和中臺的建設），卻看不到這些巨頭在建設中臺中下定的戰略決心和付諸變革的成本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在茅臺等傳統企業試圖進行“中臺”化建設的失敗案例中，我們看到，一旦企業只是把中臺當作一個技術性項目，而非企業真正的組織架構的戰略性變革，只是爲了“中臺”而“中臺”，那麼一定會遭遇失敗的下場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以說，衆多企業都在遭遇傳統IT時代所遺留下來的“煙囪式”的業務分割帶來的發展困境，也都有着建設中臺，以求企業數字轉型升級的迫切需求，但是如果企業高層沒有做好真正的組織架構調整的戰略決心，沒有預見到中臺建設所帶來的人員調動、部門斗爭以及釜底抽薪式的利益調整所產生的巨大挑戰，那麼，傳統企業是難以取得中臺建設的成功的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"從數據中臺到AI中臺，這些“XX中臺”到底有何不同？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由此我們理解了中臺建設的基礎是企業組織架構和業務線的變革，是一場“觸動利益”的變革，而非僅僅是一次投入巨大，週期很長的技術性項目。只有做好了“不做成功中臺，就會死掉”這樣信念的企業，纔可以有資格去談真正的“中臺”建設。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中臺的目標就是要解決組織架構和業務效率的問題。這是我們思考“中臺”概念的基礎。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"原本企業的傳統架構只有“前臺”和“後臺”，後臺負責企業的運營管理和資源支撐，如產品系統、客戶管理系統、財務系統以及技術基礎設施等。而面向前臺的則是具體的業務部門。如果某些業務部門收益高、規模大，就有可能獲得絕大多數後臺資源的支撐，甚至自己組建單獨的後臺部門，一旦其他業務部門效仿，最終的結果就是業務部門重複建設，業務之間無法配合，業務數據無法打通等問題出現。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/1d/1d8dffdb2bcf67c941775ba656b0dd22.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而設置業務中臺，就可以將各業務部門重複建設的那部分人力組織資源共享，相同業務的資源複用。這也是2015年，阿里提出 “小前臺，大中臺” 管理模式，將搜索事業部、共享業務平臺、數據技術及產品部提出來組成了“共享業務事業部”的原因。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/02/0267512ff31e8c30f4ec48c5968e4520.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"單一的一個業務平臺，又很容易形成一種爲業務部門“打雜”的狀態，業務提需求，業務中臺來實現，往往自然是有強勢話語權的業務部門能夠拿走業務中臺的主要人力資源。此外，由於企業的業務種類千差萬別，比如涉及零售、遊戲、金融等業務，業務的差別很難集中在一個大中臺部門當中。因此，中臺架構的分化也自然就提上日程，現在主要的中臺架構可以分爲：業務中臺、數據中臺和技術中臺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據不同互聯網企業的業務特點，又能區分出不同的中臺架構。比如，阿里還相繼拆分出移動中臺、風險能力中臺、研發效能中臺等；騰訊將數據中臺拆分爲用戶中臺、內容中臺、應用中臺等；技術中臺拆分爲通信中臺、AI中臺、安全中臺等。而百度先後拆分出搜索中臺、知識中臺、AI中臺、技術中臺等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"將企業內部可以共享的人力資源、技術資源和數據資源進行專業化和標準化的拆分，提高這些資源的利用效率，這纔是互聯網公司所謂的“碎片化中臺”的真正含義。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據中臺，是當前互聯網企業亦或是傳統企業最重要也是最容易實現標準化建設的一箇中臺架構。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所謂數據中臺，就是通過數據技術，對海量數據進行採集、計算、存儲，同時進行統一標準和口徑的處理。數據中臺可以把數據統一之後，形成標準大數據資產，進而爲企業所有業務線客戶提供高效、一致的服務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些服務由於來自於企業多頭業務數據的沉澱，可以不斷重複壯大，能夠有效減低重複建設、減少煙囪式協作的成本，形成企業的差異化競爭優勢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/2c/2cf1c111de1f9e80a7c07e0946e90359.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"（源自：linelian《從數據中臺到AI中臺》）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"AI中臺，其實是數據中臺的一種全新的架構升級。首先，AI中臺是數據中臺智能化的一種衍生，可以構建企業的大規模智能服務的基礎設施，實現對企業需要的算法模型提供了分步構建和全生命週期管理的服務，讓企業可以將自己的業務不斷沉澱爲一個個算法模型，以達到複用、組合創新、規模化構建智能服務的目的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其次，對於少數擁有AI技術平臺的科技公司，AI中臺所要實現的就是將包含算法模型、數據分析、數據處理等常用模塊打包推出，進行快速複用，提升 AI 能力的部署效率。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/db/db62c5ddbcf4715d695df8127603d272.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"（百度AI中臺架構）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"比如，百度智能雲，提出的AI中臺就包含了AI能力引擎和AI開放平臺，前者集中了人臉識別、OCR、語音識別、NLP、圖像識別、知識圖譜、深度學習等多項AI能力；後者還包含場景化定製開發平臺的EasyDL和BML。百度正是以AI中臺的通用能力，爲自身的業務和客戶提供AI技術的支撐和協調。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着AI在應用領域的步伐越來越快，越來越多的業務場景需要實用AI技術的幫助。在AI的應用階段，AI中臺可以解決AI技術與業務場景更好結合，減少重複投資，使投入產出比更高的問題。AI中臺只有與基礎平臺、業務系統很好融合，才能使AI能力更好助力業務的智能化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從數據中臺，到AI中臺，正是體現了企業在推動業務數據化、流程自動化以及智能化的發展方向，與“中臺”本身所暗含的“標準化、可複用”的理念是一脈相承的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼，對於企業而言改如何選擇合適自己的“中臺”架構和戰略呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"企業到底如何構建自身的中臺能力？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以上可知，中臺並沒有一個固定的模式，也沒有一個可以照搬的成功樣本。每一個企業的中臺建設，都要根據企業自身的業務特點和組織架構的形態來進行頂層設計。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先，要明確並不是每個公司都適合做中臺設計。所謂汝之蜜糖彼之砒霜，對於一些規模足夠大，業務重疊嚴重，大量重複建設的企業來說，中臺是一劑良藥。而對於處在迅猛發展期、業務突破期的企業或者規模小的企業，中臺有可能是企業發展的致命毒藥。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其次，當企業將中臺上升到企業發展戰略的高度，就要真正把中臺建設和企業組織架構調整放在同樣重要的位置。說到底，中臺建設不僅僅是一個IT問題，更是一個部門利益問題。觸動靈魂之前要先觸動利益，能堅持對各個業務部門的利益壁壘破除，也能給予改革者在關鍵時刻以堅定支持。避免最後“中臺未成，搞中臺的人下臺”的結局。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/9f/9fc25b72d7ef1da634dad84e12de3a4f.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第三，在上面統一認識、統一戰略決心的基礎上，企業纔到了認真研究所要構建的中臺能力的時候。根據馬爾文·康威1967提出 “設計系統的架構受制於產生這些設計的組織的溝通結構”的看法，現在企業的中臺系統架構要和企業的組織架構相匹配。而隨着現代企業組織就按個朝向小微化、自組織和扁平化的方向調整，如阿里的“數據-業務雙中臺”戰略演進，海爾的小微企業、人單模式、創客平臺，都是這一組織結構變革的代表。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼，相應的中臺建設也將隨着這一趨勢而朝向專業分工的方向發展。具體而言，就是在業務中臺的基礎上，拆分出安全中臺、財務中臺、移動中臺、客服中臺、供應商中臺、物流中臺等等，也就是根據組織內部按業務線或職能進行更細粒度拆分和匹配搭建。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而不同企業也將根據自身的業務需要來搭建不同類型的功能中臺，其中數據中臺是每家企業都應該着力建設。數據中臺的建設將貫穿企業發展的全過程，實現企業不同業務、內外部的數據的匯聚和整合、數據的處理和價值變現，實現企業數據的資產化共享使用。而像AI中臺，則可以根據業務需要和企業實力來選擇自建中臺或者使用雲服務商的AI平臺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後，在企業的中臺系統建設完成後，更要重視中臺部門的使用效率和職能權限。企業要做到既能高效發揮中臺部門的資源複用效率，又能靈活支撐業務部門的響應速度，使得企業中臺最終的運行能夠實現其最初設想的“降本增效”的初衷，而非走向自己的反面。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/89/895d966eb93176a698ce78207b301f86.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"企業的中臺建設仍然處在魚龍混雜、參差不齊的發展初期。也就是，現在還難以對中臺的價值以及未來潛力進行蓋棺定論的評價。但是我們可以借用上世紀一項創造性發明來做對比理解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在《集裝箱改變世界》一書中介紹，因爲集裝箱貨運的出現，全球的貨物運輸成本降低了90%以上，極大地促進了資源在全球範圍內流動配置，如今高度的全球化分工才成爲可能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"集裝箱的革命性創新，在於建立起一個標準化的物流系統，使得原本鬆散、零碎的貨運模式，被一套完全以集裝箱爲單位的標準化貨運系統所替代。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在集裝箱征服世界所有港口碼頭、公路鐵路貨運的運行系統的過程中，一直以來也飽受爭議。甚至在70年代因爲大幅降低運費，惡性價格戰導致多家貨運公司倒閉，使得英國《金融時報》說，集裝箱運輸的革命性影響已經接近尾聲了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而事實上，那時集裝箱革命纔剛剛開始。如同集裝箱帶來的“標準化、架構統一、系統嵌套”的創新變革一樣，中臺戰略在現代企業組織架構上所引發的變革的價值也可能同樣巨大。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"只不過，中臺的征程現在纔剛剛開始。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}