容器、Docker、虚拟机，别再傻傻分不清

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"摘要"},{"type":"text","text":"：容器技术起源于Linux，是一种内核虚拟化技术，提供轻量级的虚拟化，以便隔离进程和资源。尽管容器技术已经出现很久，却是随着Docker的出现而变得广为人知。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"容器技术起源于Linux，是一种内核虚拟化技术，提供轻量级的虚拟化，以便隔离进程和资源。尽管容器技术已经出现很久，却是随着Docker的出现而变得广为人知。Docker是第一个使容器能在不同机器之间移植的系统。它不仅简化了打包应用的流程，也简化了打包应用的库和依赖，甚至整个操作系统的文件系统能被打包成一个简单的可移植的包，这个包可以被用来在任何其他运行Docker的机器上使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"容器和虚拟机具有相似的资源隔离和分配方式，容器虚拟化了操作系统而不是硬件，更加便携和高效。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"图1 容器 vs 虚拟机"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/e6/e6a0a7edc2ce7159605b6291ad046ea6.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相比于使用虚拟机，容器有如下优点："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更高效的利用系统资源"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由于容器不需要进行硬件虚拟以及运行完整操作系统等额外开销，容器对系统资源的利用率更高。无论是应用执行速度、内存损耗或者文件存储速度，都要比传统虚拟机技术更高效。因此，相比虚拟机技术，一个相同配置的主机，往往可以运行更多数量的应用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更快速的启动时间"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"传统的虚拟机技术启动应用服务往往需要数分钟，而Docker容器应用，由于直接运行于宿主内核，无需启动完整的操作系统，因此可以做到秒级、甚至毫秒级的启动时间，大大节约了开发、测试、部署的时间。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一致的运行环境"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开发过程中一个常见的问题是环境一致性问题。由于开发环境、测试环境、生产环境不一致，导致有些问题并未在开发过程中被发现。而Docker的镜像提供了除内核外完整的运行时环境，确保了应用运行环境一致性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更轻松的迁移"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由于Docker确保了执行环境的一致性，使得应用的迁移更加容易。Docker可以在很多平台上运行，无论是物理机、虚拟机，其运行结果是一致的。因此可以很轻易的将在一个平台上运行的应用，迁移到另一个平台上，而不用担心运行环境的变化导致应用无法正常运行的情况。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更轻松的维护和扩展"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker使用的分层存储以及镜像的技术，使得应用重复部分的复用更为容易，也使得应用的维护更新更加简单，基于基础镜像进一步扩展镜像也变得非常简单。此外，Docker团队同各个开源项目团队一起维护了大批高质量的官方镜像，既可以直接在生产环境使用，又可以作为基础进一步定制，大大的降低了应用服务的镜像制作成本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker容器典型使用流程"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker容器有如下三个主要概念："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"镜像"},{"type":"text","text":"：Docker镜像里包含了已打包的应用程序及其所依赖的环境。它包含应用程序可用的文件系统和其他元数据，如镜像运行时的可执行文件路径。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"镜像仓库"},{"type":"text","text":"：Docker镜像仓库用于存放Docker镜像，以及促进不同人和不同电脑之间共享这些镜像。当编译镜像时，要么可以在编译它的电脑上运行，要么可以先上传镜像到一个镜像仓库，然后下载到另外一台电脑上并运行它。某些仓库是公开的，允许所有人从中拉取镜像，同时也有一些是私有的，仅部分人和机器可接入。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"容器"},{"type":"text","text":"：Docker容器通常是一个Linux容器，它基于Docker镜像被创建。一个运行中的容器是一个运行在Docker主机上的进程，但它和主机，以及所有运行在主机上的其他进程都是隔离的。这个进程也是资源受限的，意味着它只能访问和使用分配给它的资源（CPU、内存等）。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"典型的使用流程如"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//support.huaweicloud.com/basics-cce/kubernetes_0002.html%23kubernetes_0002__fig12227225474","title":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"图2"}]},{"type":"text","text":"所示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"图2 Docker容器典型使用流程"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/53/536cfaa840f0dbf20e1deda86a6796dd.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）首先开发者在开发环境机器上开发应用并制作镜像。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker执行命令，构建镜像并存储在机器上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）开发者发送上传镜像命令。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker收到命令后，将本地镜像上传到镜像仓库。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）开发者向生产环境机器发送运行镜像命令。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"生产环境机器收到命令后，Docker会从镜像仓库拉取镜像到机器上，然后基于镜像运行容器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"使用示例"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下面使用Docker将基于Nginx镜像打包一个容器镜像，并基于容器镜像运行应用，然后推送到容器镜像仓库。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"安装Docker"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker几乎支持在所有操作系统上安装，用户可以根据需要选择要安装的Docker版本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Linux操作系统下，可以使用如下命令快速安装Docker。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl -fsSL get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh\nsh get-docker.sh"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"说明："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CentOS 8.0操作系统使用上述脚本安装Docker会出现问题，建议使用如下命令安装较低版本Docker。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo https://repo.huaweicloud.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo sudo"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"sed -i 's+download.docker.com+http://repo.huaweicloud.com/docker-ce+' /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"yum install docker-ce-18.06.3.ce -y"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"systemctl restart docker"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Docker打包镜像"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker提供了一种便捷的描述应用打包的方式，叫做Dockerfile，如下所示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"# 使用官方提供的Nginx镜像作为基础镜像\nFROM nginx:alpine\n\n# 执行一条命令修改Nginx镜像index.html的内容\nRUN echo \"hello world\" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html\n\n# 允许外界访问容器的80端口\nEXPOSE 80"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"执行docker build命令打包镜像。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"docker build -t hello ."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中-t表示给镜像加一个标签，也就是给镜像取名，这里镜像名为hello。. 表示在当前目录下执行该打包命令。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"执行docker images命令查看镜像，可以看到hello镜像已经创建成功。您还可以看到一个Nginx镜像，这个镜像是从镜像仓库下载下来的，作为hello镜像的基础镜像使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"# docker images\nREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE\nhello latest d120ec16dcea 17 minutes ago 158MB\nnginx alpine eeb27ee6b893 2 months ago 148MB"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本地运行容器镜像"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有了镜像后，您可以在本地执行docker run命令运行容器镜像。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"# docker run -p 8080:80 hello"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"docker run命令会启动一个容器，命令中-p是将本地机器的8080端口映射到容器的80端口，即本地机器的8080端口的流量会映射到容器的80端口，当您在本地机器访问 http://127.0.0.1:8080时，就会访问到容器中，此时浏览器中返回的内容应该就是“hello world”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"把镜像推送到镜像仓库"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"华为云提供了容器镜像服务SWR，您也可以将镜像上传到SWR，下面演示如何将镜像推送到SWR。详细的方法请参见客户端上传镜像，本文档后续的示例中将主要使用SWR作为示例。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先登录SWR控制台，在左侧选择“我的镜像”，然后单击右侧“客户端上传镜像”，在弹出的窗口中单击“生成临时登录指令”，然后复制该指令在本地机器上执行，登录到SWR镜像仓库。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/59/596c5b37e9994ab5ced00f98013990f9.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上传镜像前需要给镜像取一个完整的名称，如下所示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"# docker tag hello swr.cn-east-3.myhuaweicloud.com/container/hello:v1"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这里http://swr.cn-east-3.myhuaweicloud.com是仓库地址，每个华为云区域的地址不同，v1则是hello镜像分配的版本号。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"http://swr.cn-east-3.myhuaweicloud.com是仓库地址，每个华为云区域的地址不同。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"container是组织名，组织一般在SWR中创建，如果没有创建则首次上传的时候会自动创建，组织名在单个区域内全局唯一，需要选择合适的组织名称。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"v1则是hello镜像分配的版本号。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然后执行docker push命令就可以将镜像上传到SWR。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"# docker push swr.cn-east-3.myhuaweicloud.com/container/hello:v1"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当需要使用该镜像时，使用docker pull命令拉取（下载）该命令即可。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"# docker pull swr.cn-east-3.myhuaweicloud.com/container/hello:v1"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs?utm_source=infoq&utm_medium=bbs-ex&utm_campaign=other&utm_content=content","title":""},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"点击关注，第一时间了解华为云新鲜技术~"}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}