在生產環境用了一個月Go語言，我有4點體會

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最近，我獲得了一份DevOps工作，工作內容主要涉及用Go完全從頭開始編寫一個新的後端系統。此前，我從未在生產環境使用過Go，從個人項目中有過了解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你（可能）應該使用一個Web框架"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一開始，我們決定只使用Go的http庫和一個簡單的路由庫——"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"mux"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，我很快就遇到了現實生活中的生產問題："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"恢復中間件"},{"type":"text","text":"——用來日誌打印和靜默處理程序代碼中的死機。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"日誌"},{"type":"text","text":"——我想要某個方案，可以打印每個請求的信息，包含body params、auth tokens等等（用於調試目的）。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更好的錯誤處理"},{"type":"text","text":"——我希望錯誤仍然是帶有錯誤信息和代碼的JSON響應。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"其它常用的中間件"},{"type":"text","text":"——包含JWT驗證和CORS。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我有兩個選擇：自己實現上述問題的解決方案，針對每個問題使用不同的第三方庫，或者選擇一個Web框架，基本上已經做了大部分（如果不是全部）這些事情。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我最終決定使用Echo這個Web框架。據悉，它在GitHub上有近2萬個點贊，有一個非常活躍的社區，還有很棒的文檔。我認爲它是完成這份工作的一個很棒的工具。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/23\/cc\/23ce53db89926a4ec71c7e0cfea8cccc.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我還發現，用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"echo"}]},{"type":"text","text":"編寫應用程序時有一些比較精簡的樣板（主要是解析json body、編寫errors以及手動設置headers等），讓代碼的可讀性有所提高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/d7\/ae\/d738630299bde59f7f54e84e5799faae.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，當你有一些比較複雜的端點時，你就會注意到生產率的真正差異。你經常會遇到需要驗證某些JSON字段的情況，並且需要有意義的錯誤信息來描述錯誤。如果你想要在不使用任何庫的情況下完成這些，你的代碼將很快變得很難閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/48\/61\/486024d41cff85ab4f78d0fb23416a61.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你需要一個好的代碼結構"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Go的Web框架（或者一般的go項目）不強制任何特定的文件結構。如果你使用過ASP.NET\/ASP.NET Core之類的東西，當我說一些框架是緊密結構的，而且很多事情都是通過約定而不是顯式指定來完成的時，你就會知道我在說什麼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"關於Go的問題是，你很容易跳過關於構建代碼結構的學習，使得代碼很難閱讀和維護。如果你還不知道我在說什麼，下面是我不久前寫的一個（"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"糟糕的"},{"type":"text","text":"）Go端點例子："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/b9\/86\/b98603e588e67a3d936ab02f4fab3a86.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你明白我的意思嗎？在添加了所有的"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"CreateUser"}]},{"type":"text","text":"和"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"CreateAgency"}]},{"type":"text","text":"方法後，“更好的”方法很可能會包含更多的行，但是...它以後會非常容易理解、重用、調試和修改，因爲每個方法都有單獨的用途。如果你還沒有明白，我強烈建議你看一看下面關於良好代碼結構的資源："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/ribice\/gorsk","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/github.com\/ribice\/gorsk"}]},{"type":"text","text":"- 基礎REST API的良好例子"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/bxcodec\/go-clean-arch","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/github.com\/bxcodec\/go-clean-arch"}]},{"type":"text","text":"- 也是一個REST API例子，但是更嚴格地遵循“Clean Architecture”理念"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一般來說，這個理念很簡單。你應該將與數據庫通信的代碼與實際的應用程序邏輯本身分開，而且應用邏輯也應該與傳輸\/端點邏輯（在本例中是HTTP端點）分開。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"明智地選擇你的SQL driver"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當我第一次用Go開始編程時，我希望儘可能使用最新的庫，因此我選擇使用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"database\/sql"}]},{"type":"text","text":"包（使用Postgres）。雖然這個體驗還可以，但在查詢數據時，我遇到很多樣本，特別是不得不使用Scan語法。這導致我有下面2個選項："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"sqlx"}]},{"type":"text","text":"- 一個基於"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"database\/sql"}]},{"type":"text","text":"的輕量包裝器，做了一些擴展，使得做查詢更容易。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"gorm"}]},{"type":"text","text":"- 一個針對Go的ORM（Object-Relational Mapping，對象-關係映射）庫，根據你的Go models生成SQL models和查詢。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我不認爲有一個明確的“更好的”庫，最終取決於使用場景和個人偏好。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"gorm"}]},{"type":"text","text":"可能會讓你輕鬆一些，特別是如果你經常在修改數據庫之後忘記在查詢中增加字段的話（因爲在gorm中，你根本不需要做這些）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"sqlx"}]},{"type":"text","text":"更以SQL爲中心，它更像是寫Go代碼來調用SQL接口，而不是gorm方案那樣根據Go代碼生成SQL。如果你喜歡完全掌控SQL並且不必學習GORM的新語法，那麼這是一個不錯的方案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我遇到的一個挑戰是配置這個項目的生產環境。開發環境和生產環境總會有一些差別，例如這個應用程序在哪個端口上運行、數據庫的主機和憑證，等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我見過有人通過JSON、YAML甚至git忽略的.go文件來配置應用程序變量。我個人發現env文件最好用，特別是配合docker-compose使用："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/70\/73\/708b9f588yyc8e83ff9645f380174d73.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/96\/3a\/96386e0a7212141a4bcb5fccb59af63a.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我通常將這些與以下實用的函數結合使用："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/47\/41\/47613e382533632c1039c66fa4983f41.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用Go構建Docker鏡像也超級簡單："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/62\/11\/62b7f3cb7f7b35b972d58b0b82504e11.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其它?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我還想到了其它一些東西，但我不認爲它們值得單獨用章節來討論："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/tour.golang.org\/basics\/7","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Named 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