突發！美國“軍事黑名單”新增中芯國際、中海油等企業

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"北京時間12月1日，路透社報道稱：據消息人士，美國政府計劃將中芯國際、中國海洋石油總公司（以下簡稱“中海油”）等公司添加到所謂“軍事終端用戶”（Military End-User，以下簡稱“MEU”）名單當中，目的是限制美國供應商與這些企業的貿易往來。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國起草含89家中國企業的“限制新清單”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要了解MEU名單的來龍去脈，需要先回到北京時間11月23日。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當天，路透社獨家報道稱，看到了美國政府的一份清單草稿，其中包含了89家“與軍隊有聯繫的”中國公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據當時的報道，與波音和空中客車競爭的中國商用飛機有限公司（COMAC）、中國航空工業集團公司（AVIC）及其10個相關實體也在這份名單上。該報道還表示，該清單包含在一項規則草案中，該草案確定了美國視爲“軍事最終用戶”的中國和俄羅斯公司，這一稱號意味着美國供應商必須尋求許可才能向他們出售大量的商業物品，出口限制適用於與計算機軟件（如文字處理），科學設備（如數字示波器）和飛機零部件等不同的產品。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而根據該規則，此類許可證的申請被拒絕的可能性大於批准的可能性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中國外交部發言人趙立堅就此事發表講話稱：中國堅決反對美國的無端打壓。他補充說，美國的所作所爲嚴重違反了市場競爭的原則以及美國聲稱堅持的國際貿易和投資準則，中國公司在海外（包括美國）開展業務時始終遵守法律，並嚴格遵守當地法律法規。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據當時其他媒體發佈的“完整89家MEU名單”，航空、船舶製造等企業佔多數，而中芯國際、中海油等公司並不在名單上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"直到北京時間12月1日，路透社就此事進行了跟進報道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"路透社稱：美國國防部準備增加四家中國公司到MEU上，包括中國建築技術有限公司、中國國際工程諮詢公司、中芯國際集成電路製造有限公司（SMIC）和中國海洋石油總公司（CNOOC）。而從明年下半年開始，美國現任總統唐納德·特朗普發佈的行政命令將生效，並阻止美國投資者購買名單上的公司的股票。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/fb\/b3\/fb6ca5448878746b9d370cfe2fd1e1b3.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中芯國際對此表示，將繼續“與美國政府進行建設性和公開的接觸”，其產品和服務僅用於民用和商業用途，並在一份聲明中表示：“公司與中國軍方沒有關係，也不爲任何軍事最終用戶或最終用途製造產品。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中海油則在一份聲明中表示，已與母公司進行了覈對，目前未收到美國有關當局的正式通知。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"外交部發言人華春瑩也對這一事件發表評論："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們已經多次就此類問題闡明中方立場。中方堅決反對將中方有關企業政治化的做法，希望美方爲中國企業經營提供公平、公正、非歧視的環境，而不是濫用國家安全名義對中國企業實施制裁或採取歧視性限制措施，爲中美之間的正常交流合作設置障礙和壁壘。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"MEU與實體清單有何不同？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與之前的“實體清單”不同，這次的“軍事終端用戶”名單主要限制的是“軍事最終用途”與“軍事最終用戶”相關的出口活動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《國際電子商情》在此前的一篇報道中對MEU進行了解讀：據瞭解，MEU清單相關規定主要受《出口管制條例（EAR）》第772.1條限制。文件規定，除了符合美國商務部管制清單（CCL）相關許可證要求外，任何公司向MEU清單中的公司出口、再出口及國內轉讓EAR第744部分附件2中任何物項均需向美國商務部申請許可證。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第744部分附錄2中所列物項主要包括以下九類：材料、化學品、微生物和毒素；材料加工；電子器件涉及、研製和生產；計算機；通訊與信息安全；傳感器與激光；導航與航空電子學；海事；推進系統、航天器及相關設備。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/de\/4e\/de6183d8a0743c9242a0369f4e27884e.jpg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"該範圍內的新增ECCN包括如移動電話、筆記本電腦和“智能”設備在內的消費品，以及某些芯片和集成電路、某些電子測試和處理設備以及電信測試設備。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，就管制措施而言，實體清單受限範圍更大。因爲MEU清單實體受出口管制措施限制的物項，僅限於第744部分附錄2的物項範圍。但被列入實體清單的主體，受管措施限制的物項範圍通常爲所有EAR受控物項。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外，還有值得一提的一點是：1999年美國五角大樓就曾編制過一份“由中國軍隊擁有”的企業名單，可是在2020年美國政府纔開始對這份名單“嚴格對待”。路透社稱，海康威視、中國移動、中國電信等公司都在這份名單上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.esmchina.com\/news\/7252.html","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.esmchina.com\/news\/7252.html"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-usa-china-military-companies-exclusiv\/exclusive-in-latest-china-jab-u-s-drafts-list-of-89-firms-with-military-ties-idUKKBN28307N","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-usa-china-military-companies-exclusiv\/exclusive-in-latest-china-jab-u-s-drafts-list-of-89-firms-with-military-ties-idUKKBN28307N"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-military-companies\/china-says-hopes-u-s-wont-erect-barriers-to-cooperation-after-blacklist-report-idUSKBN28A0PP","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-military-companies\/china-says-hopes-u-s-wont-erect-barriers-to-cooperation-after-blacklist-report-idUSKBN28A0PP"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-military-companies-exclusiv\/exclusive-trump-to-add-chinas-smic-and-cnooc-to-defense-blacklist-sources-idUSKBN28A036","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-military-companies-exclusiv\/exclusive-trump-to-add-chinas-smic-and-cnooc-to-defense-blacklist-sources-idUSKBN28A036"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}