甄子的2020年終技術回顧

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一篇文章很難回顧所有技術發展的變化,本文以個人關注點爲主,試圖進行一個憋足的總結。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不才一直秉持行業發展是技術的第一驅動力,行業視角可以良好的穿透技術發展的現象觸及本質。過去一年裏,在疫情、國際衝突、數字時代發展的共同推動下,技術也在發生着巨大的變化。接下來,分享一下在行業視角下審視這些變化如何影響我們、如何應對的一些思考。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"疫情之下"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"封城之殤"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"封國、封城是自從黑死病和瘟疫大流行開始,人類用血肉換取的寶貴抗疫經驗。隨着社會科技發展,這些抗疫手段在原則不變的情況下,融入了更多技術去應對其副作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"數字抗疫"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/53\/53cf25ba31e0e2136696304c7452f20c.png","alt":null,"title":"image.png","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.covidcreds.com","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"COVID-19 健康憑證"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、支付寶健康碼、公共交通管控、城市大腦和人員行動軌跡管控……共同構成了傳播源管控系統。始於中國推廣全球的移動APP管控經驗,良好的完成了其使命。但是,社會公權力的擔憂和隱私侵犯現象層出不窮,也構成普羅大衆對利維坦的恐懼。在疫情面前沒有贏家,歐洲選擇自由而犧牲生命,集權國家選擇生命而部分出讓自由,只是選擇不同而已,都要付出相應的代價:no free lunch!對於技術人員,手持技術道德的達摩克里斯之劍時,需要更多的擔當和自省。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"遠程辦公"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/49\/49e098abeb250c3ef6170ae5db4d04ba.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了最大程度減小疫情對經濟的影響,遠程辦公 Thinclient 神隱多年後,Zoom 代表的新一代遠程辦公系統崛起。疫情只是一個催化劑,帶寬發展、網絡壓縮傳輸技術成熟、機器學習的超分辨率技術加持的大規模並行計算能力……等,共同締造了遠程辦公的可能性。但是,同時也要看到遠程辦公並不是員工和僱主的博弈,而是工作模式、生產關係的升級。圍繞着博弈誕生的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/JKdUgA8HRCcmXM7zwc38","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3D 虛擬形象自動化參會"}]},{"type":"text","text":",終將消亡。而圍繞着遠程協同辦公的核心“辦公”,將誕生更多新技術,背景替換隻是冰山一角,類似微軟 HoloLens 的遠程輔助、遠程醫療……等專業領域的成功經驗,將是驅動遠程辦公發展的重要動力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"生活電商"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲疫情經歷者,封城禁足帶來的第一個問題就是:喫穿住用行怎麼解決?疫情初期口罩哄搶,買不到口罩讓出行買菜成了第一個問題。從超市哄搶到本地生鮮的哄搶,買不到菜成了第二個問題。長期禁足在家,買不到 Switch 健生環大冒險,成了娛樂消遣的第三個問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"社區志願者、網格化管理和電商,成爲了解決生活問題的核心手段。必須承認,在突如其來的疫情面前,沒有人準備充分,有些問題、有些弊端是正常的,但是,當這些弊端和問題發生在我們自己身上呢?在後疫情的時代,需要反思作爲一個技術人,我們改變了什麼?改善了什麼?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就像在軟件工程裏思考異常情況和邊界值一樣,在供給技術方案的時候也要考慮社會的異常情況和邊界值,藉此避免在社會發生問題的時候手忙腳亂。如果投入和價值被挑戰,作爲一個技術人,至少應該把靈活性和擴展性提前設計好、預留好。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"遠程教育"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/93\/93b3bdae0c3f13c56b9a89f850e4ae67.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"工作和生活之餘,孩子的教育怎麼辦?教育的場景要大於工作場景,因爲"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/p1-tt.byteimg.com\/origin\/pgc-image\/61c82d05e61c40d9accf688e8798c462?from=pc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"寓教於樂、蒙氏教育"}]},{"type":"text","text":"……已經成爲了家長追求教育質量的主流要求。技術如何提供交互能力?技術如何提供良好的體驗?技術如何讓孩子能夠身臨其境? AR\/VR\/MR 帶來了很多可能性和想象空間。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"HTTP3\/QUIC"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/93\/933a97e0eada5cb352de8c599634be9c.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"傳輸效率是首先要關注的,因爲孩子更加缺乏耐心,如何用 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651053628&idx=4&sn=d5bc0dd06de48dfba0d79d794c8a3b00&chksm=bdbe266f8ac9af79ff5881488cfdac8fd5a1ec0c3c332c4624dff3ff5d71e4854a95beb93575&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP3\/QUIC"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 來解決 TCP\/IP 頭部阻塞問題,如何更快的讓孩子看到畫面,如何分佈加載引導孩子等待的同時有部分交互性或展示能力?可以良好的解決孩子耐心的問題。可以參考:"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzNjUxMzk2NQ==&mid=2247501925&idx=1&sn=5bec81739040f0c6bf844e2ab877048c&chksm=e8d437a7dfa3beb19cccca6dddaa7a9ed6d2395576702b52c21cdc3100f29617c215d99b4fca&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Facebook部署QUIC的實踐"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"動作捕捉"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/16\/16744b11de65b847f96b60db1ce46f04.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/videos\/play\/wwdc2019\/607","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ARKit "}]},{"type":"text","text":"上不僅可以進行 3D 空間的測量、表面偵測、放置虛擬元素等,還加入了"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/documentation\/arkit\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"動作捕捉能力"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。動作捕捉可以讓孩子可以更加身臨其境,和數字世界進行更真實的交互。尤其是硬件設備的升級,能夠更好的完成這件事情:神經網絡運算加速芯片、雷達、多攝像頭下機器視覺……。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"音視頻壓縮"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ed\/ed04cd903e88fa2a7434479bfceac65a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"無論遠程辦公還是遠程教育,就像傳統視頻網站一樣,帶寬是一個繞不過的話題。以往的壓縮技術是根據信息論,通過算法對缺失信息進行還原(丟包等問題)。如今,有"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/vyQ4wJM2TRJ3LCaEgboG","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"超分辨率技術"}]},{"type":"text","text":"加持,可以很好的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/hzwer\/arXiv2020-RIFE","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"解決帶寬的問題"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。解題思路和以往編程領域一致,“時間換空間”和“空間換時間”,在需要空間的場景如數據傳輸,就用“時間換空間”計算代替存儲,在需要時間的場景如緩存,就用“空間換時間”存儲代替計算。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲計算"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/27\/27d359cb0f575c60c06940709508f9ac.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"疫情阻斷了人提供服務的路徑,“上門服務”逐步編程“上雲服務”,軟件的雲化 SaaS 出現了一波新行情,不少人投入到 2B 的領域進行創新創業。在構建 SaaS 的過程中,WebServices 再次藉助"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/oam-dev\/spec","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" OAM(Open Application Model)"}]},{"type":"text","text":"從幕後走到臺前。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/b9\/b9d5fcee759a48fab1644c1f23e9e3f8.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"應用程序有限、應用和平臺能力的關注點分離、被 Go 證明的開箱即用是第一推廣力,幾乎構成了 OAM 的主要特色。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/0e\/0e446964225dfbf714dc4b7e55f3c2a6.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編程對象也從以往的對象存儲、數據服務、消息服務……等,擴展到 IoT 和邊緣計算,雲原生和雲基礎設施將進一步從 DevOps 向 NoOps 挺進。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國際衝突"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同一個故事有兩個不同的版本:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1、由於投入了大量的研發成本、人才培養、技術學科建設……,所以,要大力保護知識產權,必須保證利潤來促進資本投入新技術研究;"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2、由於歷史原因發展不足,長期受到高利潤盤剝,所以,要大力發展自身技術,必須保證大家能夠享受到技術發展帶來的紅利,促成技術普惠。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"兩個版本都沒有錯,只是缺少了一個毫無偏頗的第三者仲裁,否則,公說公有理婆說婆有理永無休止。但是,一個無法忽略的事實是:資本家永遠拿着新技術投入作爲要挾,揮舞着知識產權保護的大棒,捶打着不爭氣的技術人。因此,君子以自強不息,如何應對是一個問題。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片技術封鎖"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"衆所周知,芯片是近現代工業產業飛速發展的基石,萬物互聯已經在日常生活的家電、手機、耳機……等,滲透的愈加深入和全面。然而,芯片技術從EDA、光刻、封裝到測試,原材料的晶圓……構成了一個龐大複雜且分工明晰的產業。無論媒體如何肯定我們的研究成果,10~15年內所謂“趕英超美”的夢想大概率只是個夢想。太多的基礎學科需要去攻克,太多的材料學、技術工藝需要去創新和發明。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而,隨着人工智能應用的普及,通用芯片逐步分化爲專用芯片:NPU、DSP、CPLD、FPGA、Intel DPDK……都在特定領域替代了通用計算芯片,從本質上改變了軟件開發這件事。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/9f\/9fdd131f28a9f2602000bcd26c239189.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“人機協同的編程方式”"},{"type":"text","text":"造就了一個契機:"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在專用芯片上開發軟件,打開通用計算芯片封鎖的通路"},{"type":"text","text":"。人機協同的編程方式,這個概念源自於對"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.imgcook.com\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前端智能化"}]},{"type":"text","text":"的深入思考。整個前端的職責範圍,隨着 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