加班猝死難認定工傷，員工不該被企業當作“燃料”

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"加班猝死事件頻發、工傷難以認定，“996”、“007”等超時加班工作制該如何看待與反思？"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"加班猝死難認定工傷，打工人太難了"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 1 月 12 日，有媒體報道稱，廣東汕尾一員工在宿舍猝死。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"律師稱，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"非上班時間猝死難以認定工傷"},{"type":"text","text":"，但工友證言和事發前體檢報告成勝訴關鍵。法院認爲，死者猝死前一日加班超出法律規定的 1 小時，公司嚴重忽視對其身體健康的保護，存在侵權行爲，且主觀上存在過錯。最終，該公司被判承擔 40% 責任，賠償 46 萬餘元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是諸多加班猝死事件當中的一例，同樣也是非上班時間猝死難以認定工傷的諸多案例中的一例。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2017 年，河北省三河市人民法院的一名法官不幸在家加班猝死。由於法院本身的工作性質，回到家再加班往往是常態，據家屬描述，該法官工作直至凌晨，第二天早晨 6 點左右起牀繼續整理案卷材料，寫案件判決。7 點上廁所時突然暈倒，被送往河北省三河市醫院，搶救無效於當日死亡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨後，該法官妻子向當地人力資源和社會保障局提出工傷認定申請。可是，人社局出具的不予認定工傷決定書，認定這名法官受到的傷害，不符合《工傷保險條例》第 14 條、第 15 條認定工傷或者視同工傷的情形，決定不予認定或者視同工傷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"無奈之下，該法官的妻子選擇訴諸法律。直到 2019 年，事情才總算有了結果，法院認爲是否判定爲工傷，應充分考慮其工作量及工作難度等諸多因素，並責令當地人社局依法重新作出行政行爲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而更早的時候，海南一高中老師將試卷帶回家通宵批改，結果過勞，導致心肌梗塞，第二天早上猝死家中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事後，家屬和學校向人社局提出工傷死亡認定申請，結果被人社局以“老師的延時勞動 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不是發生在學校（班裏或辦公室裏），不是學校安排的加班"},{"type":"text","text":"”爲由，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不予認定"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"家屬申請行政複議，結果海南省人社廳維持海口市人社局決定，再提起行政訴訟，被駁回訴訟請求。2013 年，家屬再次向海口市中級人民法院上訴，海口中院以人社局認定事實不清爲由，判決撤銷一審判決，責令海口市人社局重新作出行政行爲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2015 年 1 月 17 日，海口市人社局重新作出工傷認定，仍決定不認定爲工傷或視爲工傷。家屬又進行新一輪的複議、訴訟，直至 2017 年，該案申訴至最高法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最高法審查認爲，職工爲了單位的利益，在家加班工作期間，也應當屬於“工作時間和工作崗位”，駁回海口市人社局的再審申請。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一個工傷認定，竟然需要兩三年，甚至三五年以上的不斷申訴才能得到合理的結果，讓人不禁嘆息：打工人，太難了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反思“996”：不能把年輕人當成燃料"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"加班、猝死、“996”，這三個詞彙在最近一段時間裏頻繁出現在人們的視野，也引發了全網的熱烈討論。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在經常需要高強度加班的互聯網企業裏，加班猝死的情況更是高發。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 12 月，一名 27 歲員工在公司年終誓師大會期間猝死，家屬稱“死者生前長期加班，4 年來很少休息，法醫說他過度疲勞”；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年初，一名年僅 23 歲的員工加班至深夜不幸猝死；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 1 月 7 日，某外賣騎手在送餐途中不幸猝死；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一起又一起血淋淋的案例發生着，企業“996”、“超級大小周”的腳步沒有絲毫停留。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是打工人們太矯情了嗎？是企業太沒有人性了嗎？一位曾參與 InfoQ 旗下 TGO 鯤鵬會舉辦的 GTLC 全球技術領導力峯會的某企業高層，他從管理者的角度，表達過一些自己對於”996“的看法，以下內容 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"部分摘錄"},{"type":"text","text":" 自他 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA4NTU2MTg3MQ==&mid=2655168291&idx=1&sn=5087daec5d124e55df6b7e381403f383&chksm=84600043b31789553f056deb07a056976cf1c541e87d18d84895302f54af2d35cd3daf3e6592&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當時的演講"}]},{"type":"text","text":"："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然有幾十萬 star 的 996.icu，但維護“996”正確性的人還是不少的，主要是下面幾種觀點。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一是有追求的人比 996 還忙"},{"type":"text","text":"，“碼農”不用矯情而是應該珍惜奮鬥機會，老闆比員工辛苦多了，還扛着風險；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這當然是不太靠譜的觀念。老闆和管理層的收益沒有辦法完全和普通員工分享，壓力和風險也就不要希望普通員工來分擔。我見過很多公司，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"要做什麼，究竟怎麼做沒想清楚，CEO 焦慮得不行，就去要求大家 996，這其實只是在傳遞自己的焦慮而已"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二是認爲程序員目前處於整個產業的最底層"},{"type":"text","text":"，按照馬克思主義經濟理論，當生產力過剩的時候，生產者拿到手的回報就會下降，並且你不做這個工作，還有其他人等着做。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這也是不太靠譜的觀念。做技術的真爛大街了嗎？從我幾百場的面試下來，感覺靠譜的程序員仍然是“賣方市場”：他們的機會很多。另一方面，如果你覺得他們是產業工人，上班對他們就是工作，大家的要求也不過是“依法辦事”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其實我感覺可以冷靜地看一下這究竟是一個什麼樣的問題，不要一上來就是那麼對立的姿態。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"高強度工作不是一箇中國纔有的問題。"},{"type":"text","text":" 不管是 Amazon 的高壓管理制度，還是每天睡 4 個小時每週至少一個通宵產假休 11 天的梅姐，還是 Musk 在 twitter 上教育大家 40 個小時一週的工作無法改變世界實際上，全世界都有一些很拼很瘋狂的人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這麼一個古老，又普遍的問題，爲什麼是中國軟件行業爆發了 996.icu？要回答這個問題，我們首先看看，爲什麼是軟件行業，再看看爲什麼是中國。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲什麼是軟件行業？"},{"type":"text","text":" 因爲軟件的複雜度，我們很多時候不知道怎麼度量和改進軟件團隊的效率和質量，如果靠經驗估計出來的時間點等得不到老闆和相關利益方的信任，就只能以加班來“拼”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲什麼是中國？"},{"type":"text","text":" 主要原因當然是我們還很落後。這些年國內的研發水平有了長足進步，但是工程能力和組織能力還是有很大提升空間的，特別是大多數的中小公司，這屬於發展中的問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，有時候國內這種拼法，多少有把名利上的成就作爲成功的唯一標準的原因。這也屬於發展中的問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我是反對 996，特別是強制長期 996 的。核心的原因是，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本來社會上的勞動力是足夠多的"},{"type":"text","text":"。公司“招一個人給兩個人的工資幹三個人的活”，背後的原因無非是，人多了，溝通和運營的成本會高很多，要保持高的效率也需要很多基礎設施的投入和組織能力的建設。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以 996 不是合理的，只是對公司而言合算：它追求的是資本和公司的效益最大化，犧牲了員工的很多生活之外，更侵佔了員工學習和發展的時間。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一個人如果覺得他累了，或者他有名利之外別的追求，我們要能夠接受和尊重。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不能把年輕人當成燃料，要當成產品去打磨"},{"type":"text","text":"。如果光講拼搏，我們有過比 996 更狂熱的時期，不是嗎？我們做一個組織、一個公司，本身還是希望讓那些平凡的人幹成不平凡的事，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"而不是要求每一個員工變成馬雲"},{"type":"text","text":"。今天到場大多數人是公司裏面的技術管理者，這是我對大家的一點呼籲！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後我想跟年輕人說一些話。把事情做到極致的人，大多數都有一種拼勁和韌性。究竟該怎麼活，自己真正享受什麼，喜歡什麼，很多時候不是通過循規蹈矩的生活就能弄明白的，總得爲什麼東西拼過。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以我們看待工作，也不能只算報酬。工作除開金錢上的回報之外，還是一個機會，認識創業夥伴，認識花花世界的運作方式，更重要的是，認識自己的機會。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同時，它也是絕大多數人通往更理想的工作或者人生，唯一的機會。所以，只要環境是公平的，只要你做着正確的事情，拼點兒真沒什麼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA4NTU2MTg3MQ==&mid=2655168291&idx=1&sn=5087daec5d124e55df6b7e381403f383&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/Fj3nUyxwph_4oTfG2_knbQ"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1645837636756269717","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1645837636756269717"}]}]}]}