留給以太坊的時間不多了

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本文原文來自 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.theblockcrypto.com\/post\/90818\/ethereum-2-eth2-whats-next-2021?utm_source=cryptocompare&utm_medium=rss","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"The Block"}],"marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"strong"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"，由Odaily 星球日報翻譯，InfoQ經授權轉載。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"預計到 2021 年底，我們就會知道以太坊是否能成功解決可擴展性問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年末，我們終於迎來了以太坊 2.0 順利上線。此前，許多人都覺得 ETH 2 信標鏈有許多工作要做，並且難以如期交付，但最終開發人員還是做到了。但其實，這僅僅是個開始，以太坊需要走的更遠，因爲現在我們可以看到更多問題和機會。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在正式進入主題內容之前，我想先介紹一下以太坊 2021 年的三重路線圖："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ETH 1 和 ETH 2；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"分片；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"輕量客戶端之間的“合併”。"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是三個獨立的方向，會並列進行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是結束，也是新的開始"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"信標鏈是以太坊未來的基礎，"},{"type":"text","text":" 採用權益證明而非工作量證明作爲其共識管理機制，而且還能支持可擴展性和安全性，預計在未來數年內都將支持以太坊。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這就是 2020 年 12 月 1 日發佈的內容，我其實更願意將其稱爲“權益證明的證明”，表明以這種方式保護大規模分佈的全球性、未經許可的網絡是切實有效的。但是，除了運行上線本身之外，信標鏈還沒有做很多事情，我們將繼續討論，因爲信標鏈仍然是以太坊 2.0 項目最具挑戰性的交付成果。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自以太坊 2.0 創世區塊誕生以來，一切進展基本都比較順利。信標鏈已經使任何其他權益證明系統相形見絀：超過 200 萬枚以太坊代幣已承諾加入以太坊 2.0 存款合約，總價值超過 15 億美元；有超過 4.6 萬名活躍驗證人蔘與，還有 3 萬名排隊等待的驗證者中和 2 萬名正處於申請狀態的驗證者。此外，以太坊存款利率也沒有絲毫放緩的跡象。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然以太坊 2.0 質押者的信心已處於比較良好的狀態，但仍處於起步階段。信標鏈參與率約爲 99％（星球君注：參與率是區塊鏈網絡運行狀況的一個關鍵指標），而且還沒有出現過任何一個問題或事件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在過去的兩年半中，數百人蔘與了以太坊 2.0 信標鏈的設計和建造。但實際上，信標鏈是一個大規模的開放項目，由以太坊基金會領導、以及 ConsenSys 這樣的客戶端開發團隊實施，並得到了衆多不同類型的貢獻者的支持。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是一段令人難以置信的旅程，但也只是以太坊 2.0 萬里長征邁出的第一步。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"發展路線梳理"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼，以太坊 2.0 的下一步是什麼？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一年前，以太坊 2.0 有了一個整潔、線性發展的路線圖：階段 0（信標鏈）之後是階段 1（可擴展分片），然後是階段 2（抽象執行引擎），最後，ETH 1 將在此上層結構之上合併到 ETH 2。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"階段 2 的設計看起來要比預期花費的時間更長，使 ETH 1 儘可能早地合併到 ETH 2 中的壓力也開始增大。因此，以太坊 2.0 開發團隊插入了一個階段 1.5，可以直接將 ETH 1“提升和移位”到 ETH 2 分片中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除此之外，以太坊 2.0 還推出了一種完全不依賴分片的全新擴展範例“rollups”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 10 月，作爲實現可擴展性的途徑之一，Vitalik Buterin 提出了一個全新的、以 rollups 爲中心的以太坊發展路線圖。rollups 是一種所謂的二層技術，可以將大量計算和存儲負擔從區塊鏈中移出，用戶只需在區塊鏈上進行驗證操作即可從其安全保證中受益。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"經過以上所有步驟，三階段路線圖現已從 Vitalik Buterin 的最新更新演變爲一張“蜘蛛網”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以太坊經常遭受“反向”批評：我們正在不斷改寫我們的路線圖，這讓我們看起來好像沒有在努力一樣。但實際上，以太坊能夠獲得成功的主要推動力之一，就是以太坊社區有一羣務實主義者，他們竭盡所能完成工作。當市場改變時，以太坊社區會相應地做出改變；當機會出現時，以太坊社區會抓住機會。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"擴展，還是擴展"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"將 rollups 作爲可擴展性的中心樞紐，使開發人員能夠分離許多冗餘任務，並加速進入下一階段。因此，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2021 年將是三管齊下的一年：ETH 1 和 ETH 2、分片、還有輕客戶端之間的“合併”。"},{"type":"text","text":" 在新模型中，每一項都是獨立的任務，但是會一起同時進行，交付順序無關緊要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"合併是以太坊開發人員將 ETH1 從工作證明移至權益證明的操作，當前實現此目標的最佳選擇是將 ETH 1 直接構建到已經擁有的信標鏈中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與最初設想的不同，ETH 1 不再是一個執行環境，甚至都不會是一個分配，這意味着以太坊虛擬機（EVM）將仍然是以太坊所奉行的核心引擎。對於開發人員和應用程序提供商而言，這將使切換變得更加簡單，因爲幾乎所有交易和操作都保持不變，以太坊只是關閉了挖礦功能而已。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在以太坊以前的發展路線圖中，關閉工作量證明是一個遙不可及的事情，需要在第二階段完成之後才能進行。但在新計劃中，這件事很快就能完成，因爲以太坊正在考慮實施一個測試網。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第二項工作是分片（以前需要在階段 1 實施）。目前，分片已經快要可以在客戶端開始實施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在新的發展路線圖下，分片方法已經改變。以前，分片既負責排序數據，又負責執行數據，這給許多工作增加了複雜性，比如交叉分片交易等。使用以 rollups 爲中心的發展路線圖，分片僅需要注意對數據進行排序即可，rollup 將處理所需大量數據，而且擁有的數據越多，他們可以走得越快，就像渦輪增壓汽車一樣。這很有趣，但也可以用來說明 rollups 和分片如何組合以增強以太坊虛擬機。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以太坊虛擬機已被證明是強大而靈活的，但是卻缺乏加速數據所需的氧氣，即：數據。rollups 通過壓縮數據（就像燃料 - 空氣混合物）並在壓力下將其逼入發動機中來極大地提高了可用功率，就像汽車中的渦輪增壓器或噴氣式飛機的壓縮機一樣，所有這些操作都可以在在當前的以太坊區塊鏈上實現。當我們添加分片時，就好像我們在已經渦輪增壓的發動機（多級渦輪）前部綁上了另外 64 臺壓縮機一樣。Rollups 和分片的結合，可以提供巨大的可擴展性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第三項工作，相對於分片而言可能工作量較小，就是爲輕量級客戶端建立基礎結構。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於那些不想允許整個以太坊程序的用戶來說，輕量級客戶端能使以太坊 2.0 系統更加高效。輕量級客戶端將允許用戶在不運行 ETH 2 節點的情況下驗證以太坊 2.0 中發生的交易，這個功能將會在分片中變得越來越重要，因爲分片的主要目的就是不需要讓每個人都運行每一個分片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"假設信標鏈繼續平穩運行，那麼在 2021 年頭幾周內，以太坊的主要工作就是將這三個工作流程充實到交付計劃中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不擴展則死"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對以太坊來說，不擴展則死。關於以太坊 2.0 最早的參考文獻是大約在六年半前 Vitalik Buterin 撰寫的。當時， Vitalik Buterin 用某種預言式的詞彙寫道："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“在過去的幾個月中，我們已經改變了很多計劃，以太坊將解決可擴展性和共識性問題，否則這個項目就很可能會失敗。”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"信標鏈解決了共識問題。預計到 2021 年底，我們就會知道以太坊是否能成功解決可擴展性問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作者介紹："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ben Edgington 是 ConsenSys Teku 以太坊 2.0 客戶端的主要產品負責人，也是以太坊 2.0 發展的長期記錄者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}