中國芯片人才荒困局：我想去互聯網行業掙快錢

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中國“芯事” ：人才之痛。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"奇缺的芯片人才"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"造芯的人還是太少了。數據顯示，2021年前後，我國集成電路行業人才需求規模約爲 72.2 萬人，人才缺口達26.1萬，人才供需矛盾突出。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《中國集成電路產業人才白皮書（2019—2020年版）》（以下簡稱《白皮書》統計，截至2019年年底，我國直接從事集成電路產業的人員規模約爲51.19萬人，較去年增加5.09萬人，其中設計業、製造業和封裝測試業的從業人員規模分別爲18.12萬人、17.19萬人和15.88萬人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"按當前產業發展態勢及對應人均產值推算，《白皮書》預測，到2022年前後全行業人才需求將達到74.45萬人左右，其中設計業爲27.04萬人，製造業爲26.43萬人，封裝測試爲20.98萬人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"產業鏈上，芯片設計業的人才短缺狀況略好於芯片製造和芯片封測。但總體而言,芯片人才匱乏形勢仍然嚴峻，人才結構明顯失衡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上述白皮書提到，當前產業裏，掌握核心技術能力的頂尖人才尤其是領軍人才最爲稀缺，複合型人才、國際型創新人才和應用型人才也較爲緊缺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不久前，中芯國際“蔣來梁走”事件震動產業，引發業內對於頂尖人才問題的討論。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有分析人士認爲，技術大牛梁孟松的出走，或將拖慢中芯國際乃至中國的半導體制造工藝研發進程。一封離職信發出後，中芯國際市值一天內蒸發248億，足可見梁孟松之於中芯國際的重要性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而後伴隨着梁孟松留任，事情迎來轉機。這場人事地震雖暫告一段落，卻也再度暴露出了集成電路行業高端人才匱乏的難題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"任正非曾表示，“芯片製造的每一臺設備、每一項材料都非常尖端、非常難做，沒有高端的有經驗的專家是做不出來的。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"領軍人才流失會在一定程度上影響芯片研發的進度，甚至系關企業“生死存亡”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"想當年，梁孟松從臺積電離開加入三星後，幫助三星成功研發出了14nm工藝，並打敗了老東家臺積電。此前，中芯國際創始人張汝京也曾提到，很多新加坡、韓國、美國等國家的芯片企業來挖他們優秀的芯片工程師，辛苦培養起來的人才因此流失了，進而導致芯片研發進度緩慢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“芯片行業是技術密集型行業，並不是純‘砸錢’就能幹的，需要創始人\/團隊足夠牛”，新鼎資本創始人張馳向InfoQ表示，他在投資芯片項目時，會將人的因素放在第一位，格外看重創始團隊是否是頂尖的芯片人才。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"搶人大戰"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"受政策利好，中美貿易摩擦等因素刺激，近幾年，芯片產業掀起創業潮流，互聯網公司、甚至手機廠商也半路出家加入造芯陣營，業內對於優秀人才的需求空前旺盛。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但芯片人才存在巨大的缺口，優秀人才往往格外稀缺、有限，供需關係的緊張加劇了“人才爭奪戰”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"行業招聘十分火爆。“獵頭是一種哪裏火就往哪裏鑽的‘生物’”，胡瑋煒（化名）是看芯片和人工智能方向的資深獵頭，入行3年來，她見證了芯片行業熱度不斷飆升的過程：一些專看半導體方向的獵頭團隊從零起步並逐漸壯大；一些大的獵頭公司開始拓展芯片、半導體的業務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"半導體火起來了，也意味着行業競爭更激烈了。“雖然職位需求變多了，但入行的獵頭越來越多後，反而不如以前做得安心了”，胡瑋煒策略計算了下，她目前平均每月招人的業績與過去相比並沒有太大的變化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人才稀缺，供小於求，芯片從業者的漲薪增幅不斷擴大。胡瑋煒說，一般而言，芯片工程師跳槽的薪資漲幅在20%-30%左右。而現在，大部分芯片工程師跳槽的薪資漲幅已在45% 以上。假設一位應屆畢業生要10萬的年薪，有些企業爲了留住人，甚至會主動爲其加到15萬年薪。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"很多公司不惜重金挖人。一位業內人士方思淼（化名）向InfoQ透露，最近某手機公司爲了方便挖人，專門在另一家做手機芯片的公司門口設立了一個辦公室，但凡是能力強的候選人，薪資翻倍不再話下。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"文治資本合夥人唐德明投資的一家芯片設計初創公司最近在招人，“有時候我都覺得工資高的有點離譜。可能這也因爲上海芯片設計公司扎堆，人才短缺相對嚴重招致了惡性競爭，企業不得已用高工資招徠人才”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國內的芯片半導體公司對外部人才的依賴性較強，業內高端的芯片人才絕大多數擁有海外背景，他們往往都是被挖來的，不少公司去國外挖人，例如合肥長鑫半導體的技術團隊部分來自臺灣，部分來自韓國；京東方在起步時用的是韓國團隊。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這幾年，內地企業喜歡去臺灣挖人。此前《日經亞洲評論》報道，自2019年以來，泉芯集成電路製造和武漢弘芯半導體及其多家聯營公司和子公司一共從臺積電“挖走”了 100 多名經驗豐富的工程師和管理人員。不過對於這一數字，方思淼表示，“實際被挖走的人數不止100多人，估計翻倍都有可能”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“從臺灣過來的芯片工程師，薪資直接翻倍”，方思淼告訴InfoQ。爲了吸引臺灣人才，內地企業開出了豐厚的條件待遇，不僅薪資翻番，升職順暢，還有不菲的住房補貼。不少臺灣工程師因爲更有競爭力的待遇而遠赴大陸工作，業內甚至有說法稱，在大陸幹上3年的收入能抵得上在臺灣幹10年的水平。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"很有意思的是，“挖人”，“搶人”對於很多芯片公司來說，是提升研發能力頗爲行之有效的策略。誇張一點說，全球芯片的成長史可能就是一部“挖人”史，例如三星在入局半導體業務早期，曾爲了提高技術研發能力，投入重金到美國、日本等國挖人。據悉，李健熙曾先後50多次親赴硅谷招人。如此在招攬人才上不遺餘力成就了三星後來的芯片巨頭地位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"張馳認爲，從某個角度上看，“燒錢挖人”是好事，燒錢挖人的結果會讓更核心的人才更值錢，激勵更多人成長爲核心人才，帶動高端人才湧現。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“人才流動是市場行爲，過度挖人對產業不利”，深圳市半導體行業協會祕書長常軍鋒在接受InfoQ採訪時表示。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“燒錢挖人”現象易形成惡性循環，很多人趨向福利，單純因爲誰給的錢多就去哪兒，只盯着工資看的短視行爲並不是一件好事。一味從外面挖人也牽涉到企業文化、管理中的問題，強化自己的團隊纔是長久之計。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人才流動由供需關係決定，燒錢挖人的狀況可能還會持續一段時間。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“幹半導體的不如干互聯網的”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“做芯片是不可能做芯片的，這輩子都不可能做芯片”，一位網友在某社交平臺套用了一句網絡流行段子來吐槽芯片行業，在他看來，做芯片投入高、回報卻太少。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"曾在過去很長的一段時間裏，“不賺錢，又苦又累，收入又低” 是集成電路行業的真實寫照。“很多人不願意進晶圓廠，因爲晶圓廠的工作很累，待遇相對較低，業內做設計的公司多，很多學生畢業後傾向於去設計公司”，方思淼說。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與芯片設計和芯片製造相比，更偏勞動密集型企業的芯片封裝業在薪資水平上要遜色很多。芯片封裝行業資深從業者白傑（化名）告訴InfoQ，芯片封裝工程師平均月薪在10K-30K之間，薪資水平主要看經歷和學歷。除高端崗位外，封裝工程師普遍學歷不如製造和設計，芯片設計傾向於招碩士以上學歷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"較低的薪資水平是導致芯片行業人才流失的主要原因之一。中芯國際人才流失率居高不下，其在圈內被調侃爲‘斯米克血汗工廠’，工資待遇在行業裏墊底。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一份數據顯示，超80%集成電路科班畢業的學生在畢業後選擇了轉行，比例極高。很多人才流入了互聯網、金融等熱門行業。“幹半導體的不如干互聯網的”，“乾硬件的不如干軟件的”...圈內常存在這樣的“鄙視鏈”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"例如芯片設計業中的數字前端崗位，雖然前端人才需求不少，但因跟計算機科學和軟件聯繫緊密，許多數字芯片設計專業學生畢業後大都去了互聯網公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“一個學生，當一份阿里的offer 和半導體初創小公司的offer擺在你面前，你會怎麼選？轉不到互聯網公司的模擬射頻崗，人才需求又沒有數字前端崗那麼多，那還不轉金融，以後怎麼辦”？楚悅（化名）目前在國外某大學就讀芯片專業，談及就業現狀，她看到了很多現實的因素。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更高的收入、有期權、穩定性和平臺資源是互聯網公司及獨角獸創業公司吸引芯片領域人才的因素。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"胡瑋煒提到了一組數據，同等碩士學位的芯片人才年薪不超過20萬，但同等學歷的AI算法工程師年薪輕鬆超過40萬。單這一年20萬的收入差距可能已經足夠讓人轉行了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國內芯片公司與互聯網公司的薪酬差距較大。國內軟件工程師的薪酬是芯片工程師薪酬的兩倍是普遍現象。但在芯片的第一大國美國，二者差距較小，例如英特爾的芯片工程師可能與谷歌、Facebook的軟件工程師的薪酬在同等水平。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片行業的薪資不及互聯網行業，一個原因在於當互聯網的熱潮正盛時，芯片還‘冷’着。2005-2015年，是互聯網的黃金十年。2016年時，國內芯片行業還處在不溫不火的狀態，在此後的三四年裏，行業才漸漸熱起來。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高端進口依賴，造芯難，賺錢更難"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除薪資待遇，工作強度等因素外，我國集成電路行業人才缺口困境的根源，一方面是因爲，過去若干年，芯片行業依賴進口。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“過去不重視集成電路行業，一直以來的思想觀念認爲‘造不如買’，因此大量的集成電路芯片依靠進口。進口的太多了，必然導致國產化弱，沒有土壤培養人才，人才缺口由此出現，人才斷檔嚴重”，張馳表示。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高端芯片對進口的依賴尤甚，核心產品缺乏自主研發，以致高端人才不足。當美科技禁令等“卡脖子”時，長期積弊的人才不足危機就可能驟然凸顯，令人猝不及防。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我國芯片行業本身起步較晚，公司間企業文化管理問題積弊較多，投資效率低，加上國外在方方面面‘卡脖子’，目前我國整個半導體水平與國外相比差距較大，還處在最基本的代工狀態。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在全球芯片半導體產業的國際分工中，我國的封測領域是最爲突出、是發展相對較好的領域。芯片製造和芯片設計還在“受制”階段。設計和製造目前仍主要依靠軍工老一輩的積累和回國的技術人才帶隊。如芯片設計的數字崗，“數字後端是一個以一敵十的崗位，主要幫助訓練EDA工具佈局佈線，這行多靠經驗‘喫飯’，但據說‘教會了徒弟餓死師傅’”，楚悅說。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人才缺口的第二個深層次原因是，缺乏資金培養人才。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"半導體行業馬太效應明顯，行業幾乎所有的資源都聚攏在頭部企業手裏。‘老大喫肉，老二喝湯，老三喫剩的，其他的沒什麼存在感”，是這一行的典型特徵。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片產業週期長，投入大，利潤率低。過去，集成電路行業A股上市的市值不高，賺錢效應少，賺錢很難，很多企業賺不到錢。在這種情況下，企業就沒法給員工開出高工資。沒有高薪也就無法聘到優秀的人才。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“去芯片初創公司，它可能連多流幾次片的錢都沒有，你敢待嗎”，楚悅再一次拋出了犀利的反問。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"情形在發生變化。張馳表示，自2019年以來，中國有100多家集成電路企業陸續上市，融資額加起來高達數千億。芯片企業已經比過去更有錢了，這意味着有能力給出更高的工資，招到更好的人，形成良性循環。可以看到，近幾年，芯片工程師的工資水平在快速地提高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瘋狂的芯片培訓，到底靠不靠譜？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"缺人的另一根源在於人才培養機制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"半導體產業已迎來快速發展的窗口期，但現有的人才培養速度還遠遠跟不上。有數據統計，未來兩年，我國高校能夠培養出來的畢業生總數僅有約3.5萬人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國內僅有少數高校開設了集成電路設計與集成系統專業，除了一些985、211高校，如上海交大設有微納電子學院，多教授偏芯片設計的知識，普通本科缺少對半導體設計和加工的經驗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"訓練一個芯片設計工程師需要‘砸錢’流片積累經驗，這一塊大多依託高校培養人才。楚悅坦言，“高校裏有科研經費砸錢流片的老師沒空帶學生，有空帶學生的老師沒錢頻繁穩定流片。高校流片不穩定不密集，學生流片少經驗少，人才斷檔就更嚴重”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高校芯片教育現存的缺點是，老師基本沒在工廠待過，芯片製造的細節、設備操作等實踐類技能缺乏，不會教實操的問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年10月，國內首個芯片大學 — 南京集成電路大學宣佈成立，消息一出旋即引起熱議。此大學並非是傳統意義上的高校，其定位爲產教融合平臺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"業內討論焦點在於，辦芯片大學能否解決人才困局？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對此，唐德明的觀點認爲，集成電路培訓教育關鍵在於得有產業界的人才專門授課。目前來看，南京芯片大學的運作形式類似於高級培訓機構，其只能培養低端芯片人才，中高端的芯片人才還得依靠在高端集成電路公司裏工作若干年培養起來，當然先打基礎也很重要。此外，芯片大學後續的資金投入、生源、商業化運作模式是否可行，如何盈利等這些仍需要時間驗證。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片熱潮下，私營的線下芯片培訓班也異常火熱。有不少非專業背景的人希望通過芯片培訓跨行進入到芯片領域來。據豹變報道，有培訓機構學員暴增2倍，有學員上了4個月課，結業後拿到了30萬年薪，其瘋狂程度可見一斑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"整體上看，芯片培訓班的規模還比較小，業內做的比較成功的是半導體設計版圖培訓班，與設計公司對接緊密，能形成商業化運作閉環。芯片培訓這種形式對於培養芯片人才能起到多大的作用尚未可知，其商業化前景還不明朗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"集成電路技術門檻較高，橫跨物理、化學、材料、化工等多學科知識的融合，不同工種間領域知識縱深，芯片設計、生產、設備都是經驗累積的過程，學術是基礎，關鍵在於實踐經驗積累，不是短時間就能速成的，一般而言，培養中低端基礎性人才大概需要3-4年，中高端人才可能需要十年、二十年甚至更久。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"造芯沒有捷徑，培養芯片人才亦不能仰賴“速成法”。InfoQ接觸到的多位專家一致認爲，培養芯片人才，要重視產學研結合。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得一提的是。近日，國務院學位委員會、教育部正式發佈了關於設置“交叉學科”門類、“集成電路科學與工程”和“國家安全學”一級學科的通知，相信隨着集成電路被設置爲一級學科，能夠加速人才儲備。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於企業來說，需要建立起內部培訓機制，強化內部人才培養。像英特爾等外企芯片巨頭多設"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有完善的內培機制，安排專人高管負責培訓，應屆畢業生進來後，會有資深工程師一對一帶。與外企相比，當前，國內芯片公司內部培養機制還沒普遍建立起來，業內如中芯國際、兆易創新等公司在做一些嘗試。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“國內所有的人才培養形式，都可以促進產業正向發展，但要避免魚龍混雜”，常軍鋒的建議一語中的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中國芯2020：熱火沸騰與冰雪冷寂"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我認爲只要芯片這個行業熱，大家都願意投錢‘砸’，那這個行業就能不斷地湧現出人才來”，張馳認爲，“要解決人才困境問題，實際上辦法就一點，給芯片核心人才足夠多的工資，TA一定會來”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"張馳進一步表示，國家已認識到了這一點，科創板的推出便是例證。讓一些芯片企業到科創板上市，獲得高估值。行業的資金足夠充裕後，必然能讓全社會最優質的人才進入集成電路行業。最終的落腳點都是資金，收入高的行業，纔能有最優質的人才。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近年來，國家還推出了減稅政策、十四五規劃、大型基金投資等一系列政策支持芯片半導體發展。2020年，國家利好政策帶動A股集成電路板塊迎來爆發，龍頭企業暴漲數倍，集成電路行業二級市場賺錢效應凸顯。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"二級市場推動下，一級市場的資金也開始往芯片方向聚集，“不管是初創還是成熟的項目，只要是國內投資機構，不論是政府基金還是民間基金，基本沒有不投集成電路的，投資的方向逐漸從集成電路設計往更難的集成電路製造和集成電路裝備等細分領域拓展”，張馳向InfoQ形容資本在集成電路行業的火爆程度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"熱火之下，亦不能忽視泡沫。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"某半導體基金投資人於凱（化名）坦言，市場上，拿PPT融資的現象屢見不鮮。“我曾遇到過一個項目，上面寫了3個頂級專家，卻沒什麼實質性的產品研發實施可行性方案。對此我心存疑慮。頂尖人才得把產品做出來，能賣到市場上去，才真正算是成功的項目”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"conte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的芯片需要進口。“如果能把這85%裏的一部分實現國產替代，就已經很不錯了，這是一個需要慢慢做的過程，短時間內沒辦法解決”，張馳表示。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國產化替代的歷史進程，也必將是國內芯片人才缺口頑疾不斷被縮小的過程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"（注：爲保護受訪者隱私，文中胡瑋煒、方思淼、於凱、楚悅、"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"白傑"},{"type":"text","text":"均爲化名）"}]}]}