開源操作系統進化記:openEuler的2021年有什麼值得期待?

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"過去十年,全球計算產業掀起了一場變革。隨着移動計算的興起,智能手機爲主的設備取代 PC 成爲個人計算市場的主流,ARM 芯片的出貨量將 x86 等對手遠遠拋在後頭。無論是 HPC 高性能計算、雲端服務器還是個人 PC,都不再由 x86 架構牢牢把持,而是有了更多芯片架構的選擇。面向未來的變化,我們需要一個支持多體系架構的操作系統,以適應雲邊端多種場景和多種模式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"openEuler就是這樣一個操作系統,自開源至今,短短一年時間已經有 2000 多位開發者參與貢獻,提交PR數量超過2萬個,成立70 餘個 SIG 組(全稱 Special Interest Group,特殊興趣小組),快速成長爲極具活力的開源社區。2021年開年之際,InfoQ 記者有幸對openEuler社區理事長江大勇做了專訪,本文將向大家講述,openEuler社區已做的一些事情,正在做的事情,以及未來想做的事情。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開源一年,openEuler交出的答卷"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020年是一個異常特殊的年份,國內外形勢風雲變幻,給IT領域帶來了巨大影響,很多行業、產業的技術發展走向都隨之改變;然而也有一些技術發展仍遵循自身軌跡前行,不受外界太多影響。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於openEuler社區來說,2020年是正式開源的第一年,也是進展神速的一年。江大勇向InfoQ記者表示,過去這一年openEuler社區的發展速度之快超出了所有人的預期。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在版本發佈層面,"},{"type":"text","text":" openEuler 兌現了每 6 個月發佈一個版本的開源承諾,在2020年 3 月發佈了 20.03 LTS長週期版本,9 月發佈了 20.09 創新版,2020年12月28日20.03 LTS SP1正式發佈。其中,**20.03 LTS SP1是社區協作出的第一個SP版本,**回合了20.09 創新版中的幾大重要特性,包括:iSula 2.0 輕量級容器解決方案;A-Tune 智能系統性能優化引擎;支持多版本JDK版本;以及內核性能增強和虛擬化性能增強。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在社區運營層面,"},{"type":"text","text":" openEuler 社區目前已經吸引了60多家企業、超過2000個貢獻者加入,提交的PR數量超過20000個。除此之外,社區構建了 70+ SIG 組完整覆蓋內核、運行時、虛擬化、容器、雲原生、開發者桌面等方向。2020年12月24日,openEuler社區理事會正式成立,技術委員會也進一步升級,社區運轉模式全面轉向開放治理,技術層面變成各方共同構建。當前openEuler社區成員涵蓋了不同行業廠商、高校、研究機構,包括芯片廠商鯤鵬、飛騰,中國主要的操作系統廠商麒麟軟件、統信軟件、湖南麒麟、普華軟件、拓林思等,運營商行業的中國移動、中國聯通、中國電信,金融行業的銀聯,雲相關的廠商、分佈式存儲相關的廠商,等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在用戶和市場層面,"},{"type":"text","text":" 目前融合openEuler技術的商業發行版已經有超過3萬的規模銷售,在政府、金融、運營商、電力等行業均有商用。另外,在全球 120 個城市有超過 3 萬用戶下載安裝試用 openEuler 的社區版。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然上述數據可能跟成熟期的開源社區相比還有一些差距,但對openEluer社區來說這一切只是剛剛開始,更爲關鍵的是,通過openEuler社區可以把從芯片廠商、硬件廠商、ISV,到基礎軟件、應用軟件甚至包括集成廠商等操作系統上下游全部整合在一起,使碎片化的生態變成一個完整的生態價值鏈,形成正向循環之後未來的潛力不可估量。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"openEuler社區這一年之所以能夠快速發展,江大勇認爲是因爲它的出現恰逢其時。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先,中國數字經濟的發展帶動整個計算產業高速發展。從計算產業技術的角度來看,近兩年ARM芯片、RISC-V芯片等x86架構之外的其他芯片架構非常活躍,多架構芯片在雲邊端混搭的架構模式已經成爲未來更被看好的技術發展方向,業界需要一個能夠支持多樣性計算的操作系統平臺,而openEuler的出現剛好順應了這樣一個技術發展變革的節點或時代的到來。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其次,中國對於知識產權的保護、軟件價值的認知有所改觀,從國家政策上能看出來對知識產權的保護加強了,這有利於企業增加在軟件上的投入。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後是開源力量的積累和爆發。過去幾年,開源在國內的發展異常火熱,根據最新的GitHub年度報告,2020年來自中國的開源貢獻者數量大幅提升,中國開發者已經成爲除美國之外全球第二大開源開發者羣體。在各個主流開源基金會,包括Apache基金會、CNCF等,中國開發者的佔比和貢獻率也已經達到了第二。在中國開發者開源熱情日益高漲的當下,openEuler作爲一個至少現階段以中文母語作爲主要交流環境的平臺,自然迅速吸引了大批開發者到來。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"openEuler社區治理之道"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着開源精神和開源文化在中國的普及,越來越多企業、組織和個人開始意識到共同構建一個健康的生態系統的重要性,也願意爲開源做出貢獻,這使得開源在國內成爲了非常主流的協作開發模式。但代碼開源和貢獻只是一個起點,開源項目的發展和成功,需要有一個健康繁榮的社區作爲支撐,而社區治理是一項長期工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲一個誕生剛滿一年的開源社區,openEuler社區的開放治理機制還在逐步完善中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於openEuler社區的治理理念和定位,江大勇表示:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們希望openEuler社區是在開源、自願、平等和協作的基礎上,由各種企業、非營利性組織、社團組織、高等院校、科研機構和個人開發者共同組成的一個開源社區。理念是“共建、共享、共治”,凝聚多種力量與全球開發者共同構建開放包容的軟件生態體系,促進社區成員之間的溝通和深入合作,一起推動社區和生態的發展。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"openEuler不僅僅是操作系統,也是一個創新的平臺。江大勇強調道,openEuler社區不僅僅包含了OS內核相關內容,還有容器、虛擬化等多方面的創新,這些都是社區根據實際需求和使用痛點不斷創造出來的原創性工作。據介紹,目前openEuler社區中共有超過7000個軟件包,其中有120個是社區開發者原創的項目。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SIG組是社區技術創新的源泉,其組建和發展也是openEuler社區開放治理機制的體現之一。從開源到現在一年時間,openEuler社區SIG組的數量已經從30+增長到70+,類別和涉及的領域也在不斷豐富。其中有些領域可能與操作系統並不強相關,但只要有助於“把openEuler用起來、用的更好”,社區就會鼓勵大家去嘗試,這樣一來,openEuler的應用場景纔會變得越來越豐富。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據介紹,目前 openEuler 社區的組織架構相對扁平化,主要包括理事會、祕書處、技術委員會、用戶委員會、品牌推廣委員會五類關鍵角色。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"理事會按照規程制定社區發展戰略,促進成員之間的溝通和協作,推動社區的生態和發展。理事會首批成員共有9家,包括:社區的創始企業華爲,芯片廠商鯤鵬、飛騰,操作系統廠商麒麟軟件、統信軟件、中科院軟件所、普華軟件、麒麟信安、拓林思。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"祕書處主要負責組織理事會相關活動,還包括監督、審計等日常工作。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"技術委員會負責整個社區技術方向的把關,包括SIG組的審批、成立或撤銷,另外也承擔着保證社區能夠按照6個月的週期發佈創新版本、按照兩年的節奏發佈LTS版本的職責。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用戶委員會負責需求管理,品牌推廣委員會負責宣傳工作,目前這兩個委員會都還在成立過程中。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上述關鍵角色成員主要通過任命+選舉的方式來確定,其中,貢獻程度對理事單位和開發者是重要的考量依據。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SIG組和技術會員會定期舉行專題和例行會議,有線上和線下形式,社區中關於代碼和各種事項的溝通討論和決策都通過這種方式來進行,每場會議要求三分之二的委員參加。當社區中出現爭論和不同意見時,根據社區治理章程,通過實名投票作出最終決定,超過半數投票則通過,這也是目前國際通行的方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於開源社區來說,靠譜且能長期持續貢獻的維護者至關重要,但大部分開源社區的開發者、維護者都是志願的,並不從社區領工資。openEuler社區如何鼓勵更多開發者參與到社區工作中並持續做出貢獻?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"江大勇認爲這個問題可以分幾種情況來看:對於以企業身份參與社區貢獻的開發者來說,他們其實承載了企業開發的一些訴求,無非是從各自開發變成在社區共同開發,人多力量大,參與開源既可以共同做大蛋糕,也可以基於社區統一的底座打造差異化競爭力,同時提升效率,因此企業的投入是有保證的;對於來自高校和研究機構的開發者,他們本身就需要做一些研究課題,在社區中可以認識更多人,也可以跟產業界共同協作,這是他們願意參與的原因之一;對於個人開發者,參與到社區工作中能夠結識業界技術大牛、獲得技術上的成長,這本身是一種激勵,社區也會定期評選出優秀開發者並授予榮譽。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"江大勇笑稱,“openEuler社區的開發者都是自帶乾糧來工作的。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年,openEuler社區有什麼值得期待?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"openEuler社區發展到怎樣一個狀態可以稱得上是成功?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"江大勇表示,未來無法準確描述,但openEuler社區的方向是"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"成爲最具活力、最有創造力的開源社區,圍繞客戶需求、痛點,面向行業場景,持續創新。"},{"type":"text","text":" 具體來說,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"希望用三到五年時間,把openEuler打造成一個“千級企業、萬級開發者、百萬級用戶”的社區,"},{"type":"text","text":" 讓技術、生態、商業在社區內形成良性的正循環。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"要實現這個短期小目標,openEuler社區還面臨一些挑戰:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先是基礎軟件人才的挑戰。所有產業創新的源頭都是人才,基礎軟件產業現狀並不是特別理想,真正賺錢的公司不多,特別在中國。如果這個產業沒有資金,就招不到更好的人才,沒有人才就沒有創新,這是當前面臨的一個困境。因此如何從學校培養出這些人才、給這些人才提供更多更好的工作機會,讓更多人認同基礎軟件開發的精神和物質價值,是需要長期思考的。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其次是軟件價值認同的挑戰。軟件開發是一種知識密集型工作,對軟件價值的認可本質上是對知識價值的認可,而當前還有很多人輕視或沒有看到軟件的價值,這在一定程度上阻礙了企業向軟件開發投入資源。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後是知識產權保護的挑戰。很多開發者和企業對開源開放有顧慮,是在於他們辛辛苦苦開發出了一些有知識產權的工作,但一開放出去就被完全免費的複製,對下一步繼續投入做研發和創新帶來巨大的打擊。唯有尊重知識產權,按照規定聲明和付費,才能讓整個基礎軟件產業繁榮發展。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如何應對挑戰?對於接下來openEuler社區的技術路線和社區工作規劃,江大勇爲我們逐一做了介紹。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在新的一年,openEuler將繼續朝支持多體系架構、能夠適應雲邊端多種場景和多種模式的操作系統演進。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在資源調度層,面對X86、ARM、RISC-V等多樣性算力共存,傳統介質、內存、SSD多種存儲介質並存,通過多樣性資源統一調度,讓底層硬件的資源不僅可以融合,更可以得到協同和釋放,實現性能的極致發揮。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在架構層面,實現一個榫卯式架構的操作系統,讓操作系統做到可裁剪、可定製、可配置,支持更多能力、組件的快速接入,功能的快速組合。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向邊緣場景的輕量化工作、雲原生方面的工作也是接下來社區會重點投入的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在社區建設方面,openEuler社區將不斷完善開源項目開放治理能力,不斷提升面向開源貢獻者的社區服務能力,廣泛匯聚芯片廠家、整機硬件廠家、操作系統廠家、應用和服務商共同加入,形成百花齊放、協同創新的良好局面。江大勇透露,2021年Q1社區還會有更多芯片廠商加入其中,不過目前還沒有最終確定。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由於疫情的關係,2020年openEuler社區活動主要以線上爲主,2021年希望能夠有更多線下的交流,比如依託於鯤鵬生態的創新中心,在每個省建立openEuler用戶組,讓開發者、愛好者可以面對面地雙向交流、互通有無,在社區發展、產品化等方面更好地協作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在人才培養方面,openEuler與清華大學合作打造的技術書籍《openEuler操作系統》已經在2020年正式出版,2021年希望在此基礎之上做一些更新,針對編譯器、JDK也會推出相應的教程。另外,教育部和華爲一起推出智能基座產教融合項目,把鯤鵬\/昇騰系列課程融入高校計算機專業、人工智能專業,2020年已經在25所高校首批試點,預計在2021年將覆蓋超過國內70多所高校,未來三年,希望能夠在中國2600多所院校全面推廣。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除此之外,與更多開源社區形成更廣泛的合作,也是openEuler社區在2021年的重點工作。江大勇表示,對於開源項目來說,合作大於競爭,openEuler作爲操作系統更是如此。操作系統是軟件的底層基礎設施,需要跟上游廣泛的開源項目和軟件協同,這個數量級至少要到10萬級別,甚至更多。只有把千行百業使用的上游開源軟件跟openEuler做適配和對接、共同創新,openEuler纔不再是一個孤立的開源社區,而是真正成爲全球開源生態的一部分。"}]}]}
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