2021年最值得學習的10種編程語言

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 首個編程語言是？這要歸功於一位英國數學家。事實上，被稱爲Ada Lovelace的Augusta Ada Byron定義了首個編程語言。它是一種“彙編”語言，但是，它的分析機一直沒有完成。“Plankalkül”緊隨Ada Lovelace項目之後出現。1942年，德國計算機科學家和工程師Konrad Zuse首次提出了這種爲工程應用而開發的編程語言。它是首個爲計算機而設計的高級編程語言。這個項目的首個版本發佈於1946年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"有趣的是，一般來說，由於第二次世界大戰的緣故，數字電子計算機很可能是應用於軍方（正是因爲這場戰爭以及計算機在軍事戰略中的重要性）而不是爲公衆所知。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但是，歷史上最重要的編程語言是什麼呢？預計下，在2021年使用最多的又是哪些呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/cd\/cd971dacd61530c999a6537e0f12dcd9.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年你可以學習的10種編程語言"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"下面，我們將以年代爲單位逐一介紹下歷史上的主要編程語言。但是，2021年的主要編程語言是什麼呢？它們是如何發展的呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/UNSoPa-XQN0","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/UNSoPa-XQN0"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"10、 Go"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Go是一種靜態強類型、編譯型的編程語言，由Robert Griesemer、Rob Pike和Ken Thompson設計而成。Go在語法上類似於C，但它具有內存安全、垃圾回收、結構類型和CSP-style的併發性等特性。該語言因其域名（golang.org）而常被稱爲Golang，但它真正的名字是Go。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Go_(programming_language)","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Go_(programming_language)"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"9、Swift"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Swift是一種功能強大且直觀的編程語言，適用於macOS、iOS、watchOS、tvOS等平臺。編寫Swift代碼具有交互性和趣味性，它語法簡潔而又富有表現力，並且Swift包含了很多開發人員喜歡的現代特性。Swift代碼在設計上是安全的，但也能生產出運行速度極快的軟件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/swift\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/swift\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"8、 R"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"R是由統計計算R基金會支持的用於統計計算和圖形學的編程語言和自由軟件環境。統計人員和數據挖掘人員廣泛使用R語言來開發統計軟件並進行數據分析。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_(programming_language)","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_(programming_language)"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"7、Ruby"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Ruby是一種動態的、開源的編程語言，注重簡潔性和效率。它具有優雅的語法，不僅易讀而且也易於編寫。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.ruby-lang.org\/zh_cn\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.ruby-lang.org\/zh_cn\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6、 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詞法作用域、命令式、聲明式、函數式、泛型、面向對象以及面向組件等編程規則。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C_Sharp_(programming_language)","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、 C++"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"C++是由Bjarne Stroustrup創建的一種通用編程語言，它是C語言的擴展，也就是“帶有類的C”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%2B%2B","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%2B%2B"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、JavaS"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"cript"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"JavaScript，通常縮寫爲JS，是一種符合ECMAScript規範的編程語言。 JavaScript是高級的、通常也是即時編譯的、多範式的。 它具有花括號語法、動態類型、基於原型的面向對象和一級函數等功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源： 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PHP"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"PHP是一種流行的通用腳本語言，特別適用於Web開發。PHP快速、靈活且實用，對從博客到世界上最流行的網站都能提供強大的支持。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源： 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Python"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Python是一種解釋型、面向對象的、具有動態語義的高級編程語言。它的高級內置數據結構與動態類型和動態綁定相結合，使得它對於極速應用程序開發非常有吸引力，也可以用作將現有組件連接起來的腳本或粘合語言。Python簡單易學的語法強調可讀性，因此降低了程序的維護成本。Python支持模塊和包，這鼓勵了程序的模塊化和代碼重用。Python解釋器和廣泛的標準庫以源代碼或二進制形式免費提供給所有主要平臺，並且可以自由分發。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"來源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1950s前"}]},{"type":"embedcomp","attrs":{"type":"table","data":{"content":"

出現時間

語言名字

主要創立者\/組織

前身

1804

提花織布機

（Jacquard machine）

Joseph Marie Jacquard

無（獨有的語言）

1943–45

Plankalkül （概念）

Konrad Zuse

無（獨有的語言）

1943–46

ENIAC coding system

John von Neumann、John Mauchly、 J. Presper Eckert、Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing

 

ENIAC的第一批程序員是Kay McNulty、 Betty Jennings、 Betty Snyder、Marlyn Meltzer、Fran Bilas、和 Ruth Lichterman

無（獨有的語言）

1946

ENIAC Short Code

Richard Clippinger、John von Neumann after Alan Turing

ENIAC coding system

1946

馮·諾伊曼計算機系統 (標誌性)

馮·諾伊曼和戈德斯坦

ENIAC coding system

1947

ARC彙編語言（ARC Assembly）

Kathleen Booth

ENIAC coding system

1948

CPC Coding scheme

Howard H. Aiken

分析機指令碼

1948

Curry notation system

Haskell Curry

ENIAC coding system

1948

Plankalkül （概念實現）

Konrad Zuse

無（獨有的語言）

1949

EDSAC Initial Orders

David Wheeler

ENIAC coding system"}}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1950s的編程語言"}]},{"type":"embedcomp","attrs":{"type":"table","data":{"content":"

出現時間

語言名字

主要創立者\/組織

前身

1950

Short Code

William F. Schmidt、Albert B. Tonik、J. R. Logan

Brief Code

1950

Birkbeck Assembler

Kathleen Booth

ARC

1951

Superplan

Heinz Rutishauser

Plankalkül

1951

ALGAE

Edward A. Voorhees 和 Karl Balke

無（獨有的語言）

1951

Intermediate Programming Language

Arthur Burks

Short Code

1951

Regional Assembly Language

Maurice Wilkes

EDSAC

1951

Boehm unnamed coding system

Corrado Böhm

CPC Coding scheme

1951

Klammerausdrücke

Konrad Zuse

Plankalkül

1951

OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler

Charles Katz

Short Code

1951

Stanislaus （標記性）

Fritz Bauer

無（獨有的語言）

 

1951

Whirlwind assembler

MIT“旋風計劃”（ Project Whirlwind）的Charles Adams 、Jack Gilmore

EDSAC

1951

Rochester assembler

Nat Rochester

EDSAC

1951

Sort Merge Generator

Betty Holberton

無（獨有的語言）

1952

A-0

Grace Hopper

Short Code

1952

Glennie Autocode

Alick Glennie after Alan Turing

CPC Coding scheme

1952

Editing Generator

Milly Koss

SORT\/MERGE

1952

COMPOOL

RAND\/SDC

無（獨有的語言）

1953

Speedcoding

John W. Backus

無（獨有的語言）

1953

READ\/PRINT

Don Harroff、James Fishman、 George Ryckman

無（獨有的語言）

1954

Laning and Zierler system

MIT “旋風計劃”的Laning、Zierler、Adams

無（獨有的語言）

1954

Mark I Autocode

Tony Brooker

Glennie Autocode

1954–55

FORTRAN （概念）

IBM公司 John W. Backus 領導的團隊

Speedcoding

1954

ARITH-MATIC

UNIVAC的Grace Hopper領導的團隊

A-0

1954

MATH-MATIC

Charles Katz領導的團隊

A-0

1954

MATRIX MATH

H G Kahrimanian

none (unique language)

1954

IPL I （概念）

Allen Newell、 Cliff Shaw、 Herbert A. Simon

none (unique language)

1955

FLOW-MATIC

UNIVAC的Grace Hopper領導的團隊

A-0

1955

BACAIC

M. Grems 和 R. Porter

 

1955

PACT I

SHARE

FORTRAN, A-2

1955

Freiburger Code

University of Freiburg

無

1955–56

Sequentielle Formelübersetzung

Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson

Boehm

1955–56

IT

Team led by Alan Perlis

Laning and Zierler

1955

PRINT

IBM

 

1958

IPL II （實現）

Allen Newell、 Cliff Shaw、 Herbert A. Simon

IPL I

1956–58

LISP （概念）

John McCarthy

IPL

1957

COMTRAN

Bob Bemer

FLOW-MATIC

1957

GEORGE

Charles Leonard Hamblin

無（獨有的語言）

1957

FORTRAN I （實現）

IBM的John W. Backus 

FORTRAN

1957–58

UNICODE

Remington Rand UNIVAC

MATH-MATIC

1957

COMIT （概念）

Victor Yngve

無（獨有的語言）

1958

FORTRAN II

IBM由John W. Backus領導的小組

FORTRAN I

1958

ALGOL 58 (IAL)

ACM\/GAMM

FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung

1958

IPL V

Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon

IPL II

1959

APT

Douglas T. Ross

 

1959

FACT

Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick

無（獨有的語言）

1959

COBOL（概念）

 CODASYL協會

FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT

1959

JOVIAL

SDC的Jules Schwartz

ALGOL 58

1959

LISP（實現）

John McCarthy

IPL

1959

MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder

Bruce Arden, Bernard Galler, 和Robert M. Graham

ALGOL 58

1959

TRAC （概念）

Calvin Mooers

 "}}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1960s的編程語言"}]},{"type":"embedcomp","attrs":{"type":"table","data":{"content":"

出現時間	語言名字	主要創立者\/組織	前身
1960	ALGOL 60		ALGOL 58
1960	COBOL 61 （實現）	The CODASYL Committee	FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN