業務架構設計迭代演進思路

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"業務架構大家都在做，到底什麼是業務架構，業務架構有什麼用，如果要做業務架構需要注意些什麼？"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在 2021 年 4 月 22-24 日舉辦的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/qcon.infoq.cn\/2021\/beijing\/？utm_source=web&utm_campaign=9&utm_medium=infoq&utm_content=shenjian","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" QCon 全球軟件開發大會"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"（北京站）“"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/qcon.infoq.cn\/2021\/beijing\/track\/1005？utm_source=web&utm_campaign=9&utm_medium=infoq&utm_content=shenjian","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"業務架構演進"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"”專題上，到家集團技術委員會主席、快狗打車 CTO "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/qcon.infoq.cn\/2021\/beijing\/presentation\/3260?utm_source=web&utm_campaign=9&utm_medium=infoq&utm_content=shenjian","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沈劍老師將分享《百萬司機在線打車平臺架構演進》"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，在會前 InfoQ 帶着一系列的問題對沈老師進行了採訪。希望幫大家理清楚“到底什麼是業務架構？業務架構有什麼用？如果要做業務架構需要注意些什麼？”等問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以下內容根據採訪內容整理。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲什麼需要做業務架構"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在講業務架構之前，我們先看下什麼是“架構”，理解架構之後，業務架構就更好理解了。“架構”一詞的英文單詞是“architecture”，而這個單詞來源於建築詞彙，可以理解是房屋的整體結構、框架。再看下“基礎架構”，它其實就是偏底層通用基礎建設相關的架構，如 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/s.geekbang.org\/search\/c=0\/k=K8s\/t=?utm_source=web&utm_campaign=9&utm_medium=infoq&utm_content=shenjian","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"K8s"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 集羣建設、"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/s.geekbang.org\/search\/c=0\/k=Service%20Mesh\/t=?utm_source=web&utm_campaign=9&utm_medium=infoq&utm_content=shenjian","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Service Mesh"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 等。現在再回過頭來看“業務架構”是不是已經又一個比較直觀的答案了呢？基於業務場景去設計架構，就是業務架構了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/fd\/fd50ab4ffcf3bdead87bdaab7e687435.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲什麼要做業務架構？這個問題沈劍老師是這麼說的，“"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"系統本身是服務於業務的，脫離業務談系統，沒有意義"},{"type":"text","text":"；系統架構本身也是解決業務問題的，脫離業務問題和業務階段談系統架構也同樣沒有意義。在做系統設計，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在做系統架構的過程中，一定要先了解業務的特點，針對業務做系統"},{"type":"text","text":"；也一定要了解業務的痛點，通過系統架構設計去解決業務的痛點。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因爲我們置身於業務場景中，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"脫離業務去設計架構其實是有問題的"},{"type":"text","text":"。那麼，在業務發展的不同階段，架構的設計會不會是一樣呢？我們以快狗在線打車平臺來看。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不同階段，如何做業務架構"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"快狗打車，是中國頭部同城即時貨運平臺，其業務核心流程是：從用戶下單，系統推送，到司機搶單，中單，完單。當同時在線司機數，從萬，到十萬，到百萬的過程中，在量級不同的階段應該使用什麼樣的系統架構來應對，不同的階段的架構設計是不是一樣呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沈老師說，“其實在快狗打車業務發展之初，業務形態並不穩定，業務對系統的要求是快速實現、快速響應、快速迭代。但隨着業務形態逐步穩定，用戶、司機、訂單越來越多，業務對系統的要求是穩定，要具備一定的擴展性。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後沈老師舉了三個具體的場景案例來說，“相同的場景下，在早期和現在對系統架構的要求截然不同。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第一個場景，訂單系統。早期快狗打車多個業務（2C、2B、直營城市、下沉城市等），每個業務更適合有自己獨立的訂單庫，方便快速試錯。而現在則需要統一訂單中心，提升穩定性、保證擴展性，並維持較低水平的維護成本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第二個場景，經緯度檢索。司機的經緯度上報與檢索，是快狗打車的業務核心之一。早期我們直接使用數據庫來存儲與檢索經緯度，快速實現、快速迭代。如果現在還用數據庫，肯定性能扛不住，所以現在則抽離了單獨的服務來實現。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第三個場景，消息中心。早期 GPS 上報，快速實現了一套消息通道；訂單推送，快速實現了一套；用戶與司機聊天，快速實現了一套。現在，我們則把共性的需求抽象除了消息中心，以滿足不同場景，在擴充業務場景的適合，能夠複用系統。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"通過沈老師對快狗不同的業務場景的系統要求分析，我們可以知道，在量級不同的階段因爲對系統的需求不同，所以對應的系統架構也不會相同。在快狗發展的這幾個階段中，他們在業務架構設計方面還是走了一些彎路的；我們來看下，他們是怎麼解決的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"業務架構設計迭代踩過的坑及解決思路"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沈老師說，“因爲業務的不同階段對架構的要求不同，在架構迭代或者重構的過程會比較痛苦，一方面要完成架構升級與轉型，另一方面又不能影響業務需求的開發與迭代。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在架構迭代和重構過程中，既要保證架構升級迭代，又不能影響現有業務正常進行；其實是有一定難度的。沈老師通過一個“訂單庫從分開，到訂單中心合併”的例子來說，他們當時遇到快速支持業務迭代的同時並行架構改造時是如何做的？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"還是舉訂單庫從分開，到訂單中心合併的例子，整個過程實際是比較痛苦的："}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(1) 第一個業務（優配業務），閉環了自己的訂單庫；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(2) 第二個業務（貨旳業務），爲了快速迭代，也閉環了自己的訂單庫；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(3) 第三、第四個業務（車隊業務、合夥人業務），發現情況不對，嘗試統一訂單庫，嘗試建立訂單中心，但並不徹底；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(4) 當有訂單統一展現的需求時，要訪問多個訂單庫，開始抓狂了，抱怨早期爲何不統一，下決定要統一；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(5) 然後開始數據收口，服務寫收口，服務讀收口，最終花了 1 年的時間，才完成訂單中心的統一；"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/31\/3168a87c84e6369886d346ae220ce9ee.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着業務的發展，對架構的需求不一樣，架構升級過渡期會比較痛苦，但又必須協同各個業務研發團隊，往正確的方向走，做到架構的階段性合理。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中臺是下一步嘗試"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當我問到，快狗在下一步的計劃時，沈老師說，其實他們目前在業務中臺方面做嘗試。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“首先業務中臺是結合業務的，其次業務中臺是多業務通用的。例如，快狗打車的用戶、交易、訂單、結算、營銷等，不管是 2B、2C，自營業務還是下沉業務，都是通用的，就適合抽象成業務中臺，統一來建設。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"來自快狗打車的又一金句“任何脫離業務的中臺都是蹭熱度”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總結"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們熟悉了業務架構的概念，從快狗的業務場景出發，看到了不同階段對業務架構設計的目標其實是不一樣的，如果你正好也要做業務設計，沈老師是建議："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(1) 貼近自己的業務場景，深入的瞭解業務邏輯，針對該業務階段設計適合自身的框架；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(2) 系統架構設計中必須要考慮的可用性、高性能、擴展性、一致性等常見要素；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(3) 還需要考慮業務特性、業務痛點、業務需求，密切貼合業務做系統架構。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"針對不同的業務場景，不同的業務架構設計總是給我們帶來驚喜。比如 2020 特殊情況下，在線教育的崛起，學而思等在線教育又是怎麼針對自己的業務特性去做架構設計呢？除了在線教育的業務架構，在線票務、短視頻在業務架構演進的過程中，又會有怎樣的故事呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"嘉賓介紹"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"老熟人了，哇咔咔。大家好，我是"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/qcon.infoq.cn\/2021\/beijing\/presentation\/3260?utm_source=web&utm_campaign=9&utm_medium=infoq&utm_content=shenjian","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沈劍"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，現在是快狗打車的 CTO，負責產品研發，同時是架構師之路公衆號的作者，偶爾深夜寫寫文章。比較喜歡分享自己的一些技術，產品，管理的一些經驗，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不管在公號上，還是在 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/qcon.infoq.cn\/2021\/beijing\/presentation\/3260?utm_source=web&utm_campaign=9&utm_medium=infoq&utm_content=shenjian","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"QCon 大會"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"上，期待和大家的溝通交流，期待面基。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}