蘋果造出自動駕駛電動汽車，至少還需要等5年

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2014 年，蘋果推出了泰坦計劃，但七年來，蘋果汽車項目進展緩慢，內部關於是“製造整車”還是“做自動駕駛系統供應商”的爭論一度使其幾經擱淺。它因此錯過了造車的最好時機，而這個機會被特斯拉抓住了。正如當年喬布斯開創了智能手機時代，馬斯克也在用特斯拉重新定義智能汽車。2020 年，蘋果又重新啓動了造車計劃，中國“造車三兄弟”相繼在美股上市，傳統汽車企業紛紛啓動轉型，華爲、阿里等互聯網科技巨頭也開始磨刀亮劍新能源市場。衆敵圍攻，蘋果此時進場，還有機會嗎？"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘋果公司擁有一個小團隊，專門研發一款新車，希望最終能和特斯拉競爭，但是開發工作還處在初期。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據知情人士透露，蘋果要推出一款自動駕駛的電動車至少需要 5 年的時間，因爲研發工作還處於初期階段。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這位科技巨人，總部位於加利福尼亞州庫比蒂諾，擁有一支硬件工程師隊伍，負責驅動系統、汽車內部和外部車身的設計，目標是最終實現交付。與前些年相比，這個目標更加遠大，當時這個項目的重點是建立一個基本的自動駕駛系統。它也讓更多特斯拉前高管加入到這個項目中來。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是參與這個項目的一些蘋果工程師認爲，如果蘋果繼續推進它的計劃，公司可能會在 5 到 7 年內推出一個產品。知情者稱，這輛車還不到投產階段，不過他們也警告說，生產計劃可能會發生變化。他們要求匿名，討論敏感的內部事務。現在，大多數員工要麼在家裏工作，要麼在辦公室限時上班，這減緩了公司開發整車的能力。蘋果發言人拒絕置評。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘋果汽車將與特斯拉電動汽車，以及新貴 Lucid Motors 和戴姆勒的梅賽德斯-奔馳和通用汽車的雪佛蘭等公司的產品相競爭。蘋果整合其自動駕駛系統的能力是一個關鍵的區別因素，這一昂貴的舉措促使蘋果公司開發自己的軟件、傳感器硬件和芯片技術。據熟悉該項目的人士透露，這個項目的目標是讓用戶輸入目的地，然後在幾乎不涉及或沒有其他事情的情況下，自動駕駛到達目的地。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘋果並不生產自己的產品，它很可能會在汽車上採取同樣的方式。但目前還不清楚哪家公司會組裝這款汽車。大約五年前，在第一次嘗試中，蘋果與汽車行業主要合同製造商 Magna International Inc. 的工程師"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2016-magna-international\/?sref=9hGJlFio","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"合作"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。據路透社最新"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-12-21\/apple-targets-autonomous-car-for-consumers-by-2024-reuters-says?sref=9hGJlFio","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"報道"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，蘋果的目標是最早在 2024 年開始生產汽車。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"該知情人士表示，蘋果將繼續爲第三方汽車合作伙伴而非自己的汽車研發自動駕駛汽車系統，最終，蘋果可能將再次放棄其汽車研發計劃，而採取這種方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這家公司在 2014 年就開始着手開發電動汽車，僱傭了數百名硬件工程師，然後在 2016 年左右就"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-10-17\/how-apple-scaled-back-its-titanic-plan-to-take-on-detroit?sref=9hGJlFio","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"迅速將其裁撤"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，把精力集中在自動駕駛汽車系統上。在 2016 年到 2019 年期間，蘋果已經從其團隊中裁員了數百人。不過，該公司仍然保留了一些硬件工程師，他們在汽車零部件方面有專長，或者繼續從事汽車項目，或者從事其他活動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近幾個月來，蘋果公司已將一名以汽車內外飾聞名的管理人員調任汽車團隊，這表明蘋果已重啓汽車研發。2019 年，蘋果"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2019-07-22\/apple-hires-tesla-engineer-with-interior-design-experience?sref=9hGJlFio","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"僱傭"}]},{"type":"text","text":"了前特斯拉工程部副總裁 Steve MacManus，但是他最初從事的是與汽車無關的項目。知情人說，現在，MacManus 領導着一個開發團隊，有幾名員工專門從事汽車的內飾、面料、汽車測試和生產。他向 Doug Field 彙報工作，後者曾經是特斯拉汽車的高級工程師，負責蘋果汽車項目的日常運營。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近期，蘋果公司還僱傭了 Jonathan Sive，他是寶馬、特斯拉和 Alphabet 旗下 Waymo 公司的汽車工程師，擔任汽車項目的高級經理。在 2019 年，蘋果僱傭了 Michael Schwekutsch，他是特斯拉汽車驅動系統部門的前副總裁，這使得特斯拉汽車研發部門的前僱員人數不斷增加。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據知情人士說，在 2020 年底，蘋果還僱傭了另一位特斯拉的副總裁 Stuart Bowers。據他在 LinkedIn 上的介紹，在 2019 年中之前，他一直領導過特斯拉自動駕駛技術團隊，並且在 7 月之前一直是風險投資公司 Greylock Partners 的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/terminal\/PWLVNZDWRGG1","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"駐企高管"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在蘋果汽車團隊中，還有幾十個特斯拉前硬件工程師和自動駕駛工程師。目前共有數百名蘋果工程師參與了該項目，他們中的大多數是研發自動駕駛汽車系統，而非完整的汽車。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去年底，蘋果把這個項目交給了人工智能主管 John Giannandrea，這表明大多數的開發工作仍然停留在底層的自主軟件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這個規模較小的硬件團隊正在研究車輛動力學、傳動系統、安全機械和電池技術。該公司也在嘗試重新設想汽車內部的未來，讓人們被動的乘坐而非開車。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最近幾個月，蘋果公司發佈的招聘信息顯示，在汽車行業的招聘力度正在加大。這家公司正在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/jobs.apple.com\/en-us\/details\/200169087\/electrical-engineer-audio-lead-spg","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"招聘"}]},{"type":"text","text":"一位首席工程師，他將負責把音頻驅動、調諧器、揚聲器、麥克風、有線總線、電力、無線通訊和天線整合到一個自主的系統中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外一個"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/jobs.apple.com\/en-ua\/details\/200169090\/electrical-lead-spg","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"招聘信息"}]},{"type":"text","text":"要求一位有 LED 照明經驗的工程師提供“一個被完全證實的系統，可以進行大規模生產”，這表明該公司是自主運作，以最終實現量產。同時，它也發佈了一份招聘工程師的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/jobs.apple.com\/en-us\/details\/200130457\/high-voltage-battery-management-systems-bms-lead","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"公告"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，要求他們從事“高壓”電池系統的工作，這是電動汽車的關鍵部件之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據有關人士透露，蘋果公司由 Johny Srouji 領導的芯片部門也參與了汽車研發。從 2018 年開始， Srouji 的團隊就一直在開發一個基於 Arm 的定製化芯片，主要集中於機器學習處理，用於驅動底層自動駕駛汽車系統。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從 2017 年開始，蘋果就開始在公共道路上測試自主技術。公司測試的汽車在 2019 年平均行駛 118 英里，直到人類安全駕駛員需要控制爲止。據加利福尼亞車輛管理局稱，這一數字比 2018 年每次撒手駕駛的里程 1 英里有所增加。據加利福尼亞車輛管理局統計，公司擁有 66 輛汽車。這比截至 2018 年年中的 55 輛許可車輛有所增加。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作者介紹："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mark Gurman，科技記者，報道蘋果、科技新聞、NBA 的獨家新聞。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"原文鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/hyperdrive"}]}]}